{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T04:44:06Z","timestamp":1772772246388,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health and Medical Research Fund (HMRF)","award":["CID-HKU1-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CID-HKU1-16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nonpharmaceutical interventions implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020\u20132021) have provided a unique opportunity to understand their impact on the wholesale supply of antibiotics and incidences of infections represented by bacteremia due to common bacterial species in Hong Kong. The wholesale antibiotic supply data (surrogate indicator of antibiotic consumption) and notifications of scarlet fever, chickenpox, and tuberculosis collected by the Centre for Health Protection, and the data of blood cultures of patients admitted to public hospitals in Hong Kong collected by the Hospital Authority for the last 10 years, were tabulated and analyzed. A reduction in the wholesale supply of antibiotics was observed. This decrease coincided with a significant reduction in the incidence of community-onset bacteremia due to Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are encapsulated bacteria with respiratory transmission potential. This reduction was sustained during two pandemic years (period 2: 2020\u20132021), compared with eight pre-pandemic years (period 1: 2012\u20132019). Although the mean number of patient admissions per year (1,704,079 vs. 1,702,484, p = 0.985) and blood culture requests per 1000 patient admissions (149.0 vs. 158.3, p = 0.132) were not significantly different between periods 1 and 2, a significant reduction in community-onset bacteremia due to encapsulated bacteria was observed in terms of the mean number of episodes per year (257 vs. 58, p &lt; 0.001), episodes per 100,000 admissions (15.1 vs. 3.4, p &lt; 0.001), and per 10,000 blood culture requests (10.1 vs. 2.1, p &lt; 0.001), out of 17,037,598 episodes of patient admissions with 2,570,164 blood culture requests. Consistent with the findings of bacteremia, a reduction in case notification of scarlet fever and airborne infections, including tuberculosis and chickenpox, was also observed; however, there was no reduction in the incidence of hospital-onset bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. Sustained implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions against respiratory microbes may reduce the overall consumption of antibiotics, which may have a consequential impact on antimicrobial resistance. Rebound of conventional respiratory microbial infections is likely with the relaxation of these interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T09:24:29Z","timestamp":1653989069000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Decreased Antibiotic Consumption Coincided with Reduction in Bacteremia Caused by Bacterial Species with Respiratory Transmission Potential during the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1765-7706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent Chi-Chung","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Control Team, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong West Cluster, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6101-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuk-Ching","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Control Team, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong West Cluster, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon Yung-Chun","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan Hon-Kwan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0287-8020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pui-Hing","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert Ka-Wing","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelvin Hei-Yeung","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6797-6898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Hong Kong Children\u2019s Hospital, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivien Wai-Man","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quality & Safety Division, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David Christopher","family":"Lung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Hong Kong Children\u2019s Hospital, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindy Wing-Sze","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodney Allan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kitty Sau-Chun","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wing-Kin","family":"To","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond Wai-Man","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quality & Safety Division, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tak-Lun","family":"Que","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janice Yee-Chi","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwok-Yung","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-07","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging 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