{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:22:51Z","timestamp":1788225771180,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]],"date-time":"2022-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6040-32000-009-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6040-32000-009-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6040-32000-079-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6040-32000-079-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in developing countries increases risks to the health of both such countries\u2019 residents and the global community due to international travel. It is consequently necessary to investigate antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in countries such as Burkina Faso, where surveillance data are not available. To study the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella, 102 Salmonella strains isolated from slaughtered chickens were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to obtain information on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and other genetic factors. Twenty-two different serotypes were identified using WGS, the most prevalent of which were Hato (28\/102, 27.5%) and Derby (23\/102, 22.5%). All strains analyzed possessed at least one and up to nine AMR genes, with the most prevalent being the non-functional aac(6\u2032)-Iaa gene, followed by aph(6)-Id. Multi-drug resistance was found genotypically in 36.2% of the isolates for different classes of antibiotics, such as fosfomycin and \u03b2-lactams, among others. Plasmids were identified in 43.1% of isolates (44\/102), and 25 plasmids were confirmed to carry AMR genes. The results show that chicken can be considered as a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella strains. Due to the prevalence of these drug-resistant pathogens and the potential for foodborne illnesses, poultry processing and cooking should be performed with attention to prescribed safe handling methods to avoid cross-contamination with chicken products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T10:49:14Z","timestamp":1654771754000},"page":"782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Resistance Genes, Plasmids, Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), and Phenotypic Resistance of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) Isolated from Slaughtered Chickens in Burkina Faso"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ass\u00e8ta","family":"Kagamb\u00e8ga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire, D\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie et de Surveillance des Bact\u00e9ries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA)\/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST)\/Universit\u00e9 Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso"},{"name":"Institute des Sciences, Minist\u00e8re des Enseignement Sup\u00e9rieur, de la Recherche Scientifique et de L\u2019innovation, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7503-514X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soutongnooma C.","family":"Bouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire, D\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie et de Surveillance des Bact\u00e9ries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA)\/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST)\/Universit\u00e9 Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lari M.","family":"Hiott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6687-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazem","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA"},{"name":"Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Soro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire, D\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie et de Surveillance des Bact\u00e9ries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA)\/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST)\/Universit\u00e9 Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biosecurity and Microbial Forensics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushim K.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Barro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire, D\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9miologie et de Surveillance des Bact\u00e9ries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA)\/Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologies (EDST)\/Universit\u00e9 Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8480-4556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlene R.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8500-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan G.","family":"Frye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2604","article-title":"Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica of Chicken Meat and Human Origin under Surveillance in Sri Lanka","volume":"16","author":"Tay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. 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