{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:52Z","timestamp":1787027512782,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To overcome the issue of multidrug resistant (MDR) microbes, the exploration of ways to improve the antimicrobial efficiency of existing antibiotics is one of the promising approaches. In search of synthons with higher efficiency, in current investigations, cocrystal and amorphous salt of levofloxacin hemihydrate (LEV) were developed with phthalimide (PTH) and caffeic acid (CFA). New materials were characterized with the help of FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Shifting, attenuation, appearance\/disappearance and broadening of bands were observed in the FT-IR and Raman spectra of the materials as evidence of the required product. The PXRD diffraction pattern observed for LEV-PTH indicated cocrystal while halo diffractogram of LEV-CFA revealed amorphous nature. DSC\/TG analysis confirmed the hydrated nature of the cocrystal\/salt. The dissolution rate and antimicrobial activity against selected strains, K.pneumonia, E. coli and S. typhi of parent drug and the new material were compared. The zone of inhibition (ZI) observed for 5 \u00b5g LEV-PTH was 30.4 + 0.36 (K. pneumonia), 26.33 + 0.35 (E. coli) and 30.03 + 0.25 mm (S. typhi) while LEV-CFA salt (5 \u00b5g) against the same strains inhibited 33.96 \u00b1 0.25, 31.66 \u00b1 0.35 and 27.93 \u00b1 0.40 mm, respectively. These novel formulations enhance the dissolution rate as well as antibacterial efficiency and are expected to be potent against MDR bacterial strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T06:31:59Z","timestamp":1655101919000},"page":"797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Levofloxacin Cocrystal\/Salt with Phthalimide and Caffeic Acid as Promising Solid-State Approach to Improve Antimicrobial Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Noor Ul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Naveed","family":"Umar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7849-6083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezzat","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7223-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fakhria A.","family":"Al-Joufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Aljouf 72341, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaymaa Najm","family":"Abed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72311, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Iftikhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4528-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zahoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhat Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhuto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper 18000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.07.001","article-title":"Pharmaceutical Aspects of Salt and Cocrystal Forms of APIs and Characterization Challenges","volume":"117","author":"Vioglio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. 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