{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:13:16Z","timestamp":1791846796021,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy","award":["1083\/12.12.2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1083\/12.12.2018"]}]},{"name":"\u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy","award":["321\/01.04.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321\/01.04.2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The empirical administration of antibiotics for suspected bacterial meningitis denotes a poor bacterial stewardship. In this context, the use of biomarkers can distinguish between bacterial and viral infections before deciding treatment. Our study assesses how levels of heparin-binding protein (HBP), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in blood can promptly confirm bacterial etiology and the need for antibiotic treatment. The CSF and blood levels of HBP, NGAL, S100B, and NSE of 81 patients with meningitis were measured and analyzed comparatively. Statistical sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were evaluated. CSF levels of HBP and NGAL and the blood level of S100B in the bacterial meningitis group were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05). The area under curve (AUC) for predicting bacterial meningitis was excellent for the CSF level of HBP (0.808 with 93.54% sensitivity and 80.64% specificity), good for the CSF level of NGAL (0.685 with 75.00% sensitivity and 65.62% specificity), and good for the blood level of S100B (0.652 with 65.90% sensitivity and 57.14% specificity). CSF levels of HBP and NGAL, as well as the blood level of S100B, could help discriminate between bacterial and viral meningitis before considering antibiotic treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T10:14:52Z","timestamp":1655633692000},"page":"824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Heparin-Binding Protein (HBP), Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) and S100 Calcium-Binding Protein B (S100B) Can Confirm Bacterial Meningitis and Inform Adequate Antibiotic Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5807-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Obreja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital, 700116 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egidia Gabriela","family":"Miftode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital, 700116 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7527-2420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iulian","family":"Stoleriu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201c University, 700259 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Constantinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Immunology Department, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"V\u00e2\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital, 700116 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Leca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital, 700116 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corina Maria","family":"Cianga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Immunology Department, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7720-4499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia Simona","family":"Dorneanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cSt. Parascheva\u201d Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital, 700116 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2802-5993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Pavel-Tanasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Immunology Department, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5403-2265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petru","family":"Cianga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Immunology Department, \u201cSt. Spiridon\u201d Emergency Clinical Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.02.032","article-title":"Impact of Time to Antibiotic Therapy on Clinical Outcome in Patients with Bacterial Infections in the Emergency Department: Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship","volume":"27","author":"Huttner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. 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