{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T07:52:26Z","timestamp":1778226746727,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010387","name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda, Unidad Regional Norte, Universidad de Sonora","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["USO413007345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USO413007345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010387","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010387","name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda, Unidad Regional Norte, Universidad de Sonora","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["257529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["257529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010387","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a la Incorporaci\u00f3n de Nuevos Profesores de Tiempo Completo (PRODEP), Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n P\u00fablica, M\u00e9xico","award":["USO413007345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USO413007345"]}]},{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a la Incorporaci\u00f3n de Nuevos Profesores de Tiempo Completo (PRODEP), Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n P\u00fablica, M\u00e9xico","award":["257529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["257529"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Escherichia coli is a well-recognized inhabitant of the animal and human gut. Its presence represents an essential component of the microbiome. There are six pathogenic variants of E. coli associated with diarrheal processes, known as pathotypes. These harbor genetic determinants that allow them to be classified as such. In this work, we report the presence of diarrheagenic pathotypes of E. coli strains isolated from healthy donors. Ninety E. coli strains were analyzed, of which forty-six (51%) harbored virulence markers specifics for diarrheagenic pathotypes, including four hybrids (one of them with genetic determinants of three DEC pathotypes). We also identified phylogenetic groups with a higher prevalence of B2 (45.6%) and A (17.8%). In addition, resistance to sulfonamides (100%), and aminoglycosides (100%) was found in 100% of the strains, with a lower prevalence of resistance to cefotaxime (13.3%), ceftriaxone (12.2%), fosfomycin (10%), and meropenem (0%). All analyzed strains were classified as multidrug resistant. Virulence genes were also investigated, which led us to propose three new virotypes. Among the virulence traits observed, the ability to form biofilms stands out, which was superior to that of the E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains used as positive controls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T21:55:19Z","timestamp":1655848519000},"page":"833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Characterization of Diarreaghenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Healthy Donors, including a Triple Hybrid Strain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Evelyn","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Norte, Campus Caborca. Av. Universidad e Irigoyen S\/N, col. Eleazar Ortiz, H. Caborca CP 83621, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Caporal-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Norte, Campus Caborca. Av. Universidad e Irigoyen S\/N, col. Eleazar Ortiz, H. Caborca CP 83621, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8627-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo A.","family":"Mendez-Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Norte, Campus Caborca. Av. Universidad e Irigoyen S\/N, col. Eleazar Ortiz, H. Caborca CP 83621, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9285-9896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yessica","family":"Enciso-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Norte, Campus Caborca. Av. Universidad e Irigoyen S\/N, col. Eleazar Ortiz, H. Caborca CP 83621, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"De la Rosa L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Norte, Campus Caborca. Av. Universidad e Irigoyen S\/N, col. Eleazar Ortiz, H. Caborca CP 83621, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3275-5243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Norte, Campus Caborca. Av. Universidad e Irigoyen S\/N, col. Eleazar Ortiz, H. Caborca CP 83621, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1483-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita M. P.","family":"Arenas-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Posgrado en Microbiolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Microbiol\u00f3gicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla CP 72570, Pue, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4493-8685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel G.","family":"Ballesteros-Monrreal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Norte, Campus Caborca. Av. Universidad e Irigoyen S\/N, col. Eleazar Ortiz, H. Caborca CP 83621, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7864-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin","family":"Barrios-Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Norte, Campus Caborca. Av. Universidad e Irigoyen S\/N, col. Eleazar Ortiz, H. Caborca CP 83621, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres, A.G. (2016). Escherichia Coli in the Americas, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45092-6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro818","article-title":"Pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"2","author":"Kaper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.09.003","article-title":"Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenesis and Outlook","volume":"22","author":"McLellan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01539-08","article-title":"The Escherichia Coli Common Pilus and the Bundle-Forming Pilus Act in Concert during the Formation of Localized Adherence by Enteropathogenic E. coli","volume":"191","author":"Erdem","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1868841","article-title":"The Superior Adherence Phenotype of E. coli O104:H4 Is Directly Mediated by the Aggregative Adherence Fimbriae Type I","volume":"12","author":"Schiller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2265","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Escherichia coli Pathogenicity","volume":"8","author":"Croxen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Liceaga, S.E.C., Sandoval, G.C., Garc\u00eda, B.A.H., Mac\u00edas, A.C., Pedroza, J.F.R., Garc\u00eda, D.A.C., Lemuz, Z.R.F., Escamilla, A.L.L., and Valadez, J.G. (2022). Manual de Procedimientos Estandarizados para la Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica de Enfermedad Diarr\u00e9ica Aguda, Direcci\u00f3n General de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Secretaria de Salud M\u00e9xico."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.001","article-title":"Molecular Diversity and Conjugal Transferability of Class 2 Integrons among Escherichia coli Isolates from Food, Animal and Human Sources","volume":"51","author":"Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.02.014","article-title":"Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia Coli Isolated from Healthy Humans in Mexico, Including Subclone ST131-B2-O25:H4-H30-Rx","volume":"9","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akeda, Y., Motooka, D., Yamamoto, N., Okada, K., Nakamura, S., Sakamoto, N., Hagiya, H., Zin, K.N., Nishi, I., and Aye, M.M. (2017). Genetic Characterization of BlaNDM-Harboring Plasmids in Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia Coli from Myanmar. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189435"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tijet, N., Faccone, D., Rapoport, M., Seah, C., Paster\u00e1n, F., Ceriana, P., Albornoz, E., Corso, A., Petroni, A., and Melano, R.G. (2017). Molecular Characteristics of Mcr-1-Carrying Plasmids and New Mcr-1 Variant Recovered from Polyclonal Clinical Escherichia coli from Argentina and Canada. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180347"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"237","article-title":"Plasmid-Mediated Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase (CTX-M-3 like) from India and Gene Association with Insertion Sequence ISEcp1","volume":"201","author":"Karim","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.5627","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Genes of Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli from Tropical Estuary, South India","volume":"9","author":"Sukumaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn233","article-title":"Analysis and Distribution of Class 1 and Class 2 Integrons and Associated Gene Cassettes among Escherichia coli Isolates from Swine, Horses, Cats and Dogs Collected in the BfT-GermVet Monitoring Study","volume":"62","author":"Kadlec","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19044","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.47.19044-en","article-title":"Increasing Prevalence of ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe","volume":"13","author":"Coque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00023","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Epidemiology of Pathogenic Escherichia coli of Calves and the Role of Calves as Reservoirs for Human Pathogenic E. coli","volume":"5","author":"Kolenda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.01.005","article-title":"The Evolution of the Escherichia coli Phylogeny","volume":"12","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loayza, F., Graham, J.P., and Trueba, G. (2020). Factors Obscuring the Role of E. coli from Domestic Animals in the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis: An Evidence-Based Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093061"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12019","article-title":"The Clermont Escherichia Coli Phylo-Typing Method Revisited: Improvement of Specificity and Detection of New Phylo-Groups","volume":"5","author":"Clermont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.09.009","article-title":"Extra-Intestinal Pathogenic Escherichia Coli (ExPEC): Disease, Carriage and Clones","volume":"71","author":"Dale","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2894328","article-title":"The Role of Pathogenic E. coli in Fresh Vegetables: Behavior, Contamination Factors, and Preventive Measures","volume":"2019","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"539697","article-title":"Virulence Factors Associated with Pediatric Shigellosis in Brazilian Amazon","volume":"2014","author":"Serra","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-018-0295-4","article-title":"Adherent\/invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) isolates from asymptomatic people: New E. coli ST131 O25:H4\/H30-Rx virotypes","volume":"17","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz-Jimenez, D., Garcia-Meni\u00f1o, I., Herrera, A., Garc\u00eda, V., Lopez-Beceiro, A.M., Alonso, M.P., Blanco, J., and Mora, A. (2020). Genomic Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates Belonging to a New Hybrid aEPEC\/ExPEC Pathotype O153:H10-A-ST10 eae-beta1 Occurred in Meat, Poultry, Wildlife and Human Diarrheagenic Samples. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0448.v1"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.5.3418-3422.2001","article-title":"Escherichia coli CdtB Mediates Cytolethal Distending Toxin Cell Cycle Arrest","volume":"69","author":"Elwell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl483","article-title":"CTX-M: Changing the face of ESBLs in Europe","volume":"59","author":"Livermore","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02831-10","article-title":"Fecal Carriage and Shedding Density of CTX-M Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Cattle, Chickens, and Pigs: Implications for Environmental Contamination and Food Production","volume":"77","author":"Horton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.03.031","article-title":"Description of novel resistance islands harbouring blaCTX-M-2 in IncC type 2 plasmids","volume":"26","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12825","article-title":"Dissemination of IncFII plasmids carrying fos A3 and bla\u00a0CTX-M-55 in clinical isolates of Salmonella enteritidis","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"000644","article-title":"Acquisition and loss of CTX-M plasmids in Shigella species associated with MSM transmission in the UK","volume":"7","author":"Locke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0023-2018","article-title":"Staphylococcal Biofilms","volume":"6","author":"Otto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.69","article-title":"Bacterial resistance in biofilm-associated bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Futur. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000525","article-title":"Comparative study of isolates from community-acquired and catheter-associated urinary tract infections with reference to biofilm-producing property, antibiotic sensitivity and multi-drug resistance","volume":"66","author":"Bardoloi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.06.002","article-title":"Surviving as a Community: Antibiotic Tolerance and Persistence in Bacterial Biofilms","volume":"26","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-02-2018-0104","article-title":"Characterization of Extended-Spectrum and CMY-2 \u00df-Lactamases, and Associated Virulence Genes in Escherichia coli from Food of Animal Origin in M\u00e9xico","volume":"120","author":"Zarain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e2437","article-title":"Microtiter Dish Biofilm Formation Assay","volume":"47","year":"2011","journal-title":"JoVE"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.10.4555-4558.2000","article-title":"Rapid and Simple Determination of the Escherichia coli Phylogenetic Group","volume":"66","author":"Clermont","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.08.032","article-title":"A Highly Specific Escherichia Coli QPCR and Its Comparison with Existing Methods for Environmental Waters","volume":"126","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n, E.A.C. (2019). Estudio Molecular de La Resistencia y Virulencia de Cepas de Esherichia coli Productoras de \u03b2-Lactamasas de Espectro Extendido Aisladas de Vegetales Crudos. [Master\u2019s Thesis, BUAP]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00580.x","article-title":"Single Multiplex Assay to Identify Simultaneously Enteropathogenic, Enteroaggregative, Enterotoxigenic, Enteroinvasive and Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli Strains in Brazilian Children","volume":"267","author":"Aranda","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"151","article-title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Patients with Acute Diarrhea","volume":"10","author":"Alikhani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.10.2460-2463.1994","article-title":"E. coli Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) Adherence Factor Probe and Development of PCR for Rapid Detection of EPEC Harboring Virulence Plasmids","volume":"32","author":"Franke","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.8.2188-2191.1995","article-title":"Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Multiplex PCR","volume":"33","author":"Fratamico","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"464","article-title":"Principales Caracter\u00edsticas y Diagn\u00f3stico de Los Grupos Pat\u00f3genos de Escherichia coli","volume":"44","year":"2002","journal-title":"Salud Public. M."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5849","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5849-5853.2004","article-title":"Evaluation of Multiplex PCRs for Diagnosis of Infection With","volume":"42","author":"Aranda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.11.2375-2379.1991","article-title":"Detection of Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin Genes in Pig Stool Specimens by an Immobilized, Colorimetric, Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"29","author":"Hornes","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-22","article-title":"Diffusely Adherent Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Children and Adults Constitute Two Different Populations","volume":"13","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"701","article-title":"Development of PCR for Screening of Enteroaggregative","volume":"33","author":"Schmidt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlini, F., Maroccia, Z., Fiorentini, C., Travaglione, S., and Fabbri, A. (2021). Effects of the Escherichia coli Bacterial Toxin Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 on Different Human and Animal Cells: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212610"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02790.x","article-title":"The blaSHV-5 gene is encoded in a compound transposon duplicated in tandem in Enterobacter cloacae","volume":"15","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/7\/833\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:36:31Z","timestamp":1760139391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/7\/833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics11070833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11070833","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]}}}