{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T17:57:35Z","timestamp":1793901455321,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of broad-spectrum antibiotics to control multidrug-resistant bacteria is an outdated business model. This strategy has led to the introduction of highly effective antibiotics, but their widespread use has contributed to the emergence of even broader antibiotic resistance. In a strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance, we believe that the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics should be promoted. This should involve both the repositioning of old antibiotics and the reorientation of research and development towards new narrow-spectrum antibiotics with a low ecological impact. These antibiotics could be prescribed for common conditions such as sore throats and cystitis, which account for the bulk of antibiotic use in humans. Narrow-spectrum, targeted, microbiome-sparing antibiotics could help control antibiotic resistance while being economically sustainable. Their development and production should be supported by governments, which would ultimately benefit from reduced health care costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T11:37:08Z","timestamp":1657280228000},"page":"924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Production of Antibiotics Must Be Reoriented: Repositioning Old Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotics, Developing New Microbiome-Sparing Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Diamantis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe Hospitalier Sud Ile de France, 77000 Melun, France"},{"name":"EA 7380 Dynamic, Universit\u00e9 Paris Est Cr\u00e9teil, EnvA, USC ANSES, 94010 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Retur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Pharmacie-St\u00e9rilisation\u2014Archet Hospital, Nice University Hospital, 06200 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9638-3784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bertrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Pharmacy\u2014Grasse Hospital, 06130 Grasse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Lieutier-Colas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AntibioEst, CPIAS Grand Est, de Brabois Hospital, Nancy University Hospital, 54511 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Carenco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Control Unit, Archet Hospital, Nice University Hospital, 06200 Nice, France"},{"name":"CPIAS PACA H\u00f4pital Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Mondain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Department, Archet Hospital, Nice University Hospital, 06200 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of PROMISE Professional Community Network on Antimicrobial Resistance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30605-4","article-title":"Attributable Deaths and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years Caused by Infections with Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: A Population-Level Modelling Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Cassini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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