{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T23:35:48Z","timestamp":1772148948675,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019agriculture, des p\u00eacheries et de l\u2019alimentation du Qu\u00e9bec (MAPAQ, INNOVAMER Program)"},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is a pathogenic bacterium responsible for furunculosis in salmonids. Following an outbreak of furunculosis, the infection can be treated with antibiotics, but it is common to observe ineffective treatment due to antibiotic resistance. This bacterium has a wide variety of plasmids responsible for this resistance. Among them, pRAS3 carries a tetracycline resistance gene. Several variants of this plasmid have been discovered over the years (pRAS3-3432 and pRAS3.1 to 3.4). During the present study, two new variants of the plasmid pRAS3 were identified (pRAS3.5 and pRAS3-3759) in strains of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. Plasmid pRAS3-3759, which has been found in many strains from the same region over the past three years, has an additional genetic element identical to one found in pRAS3-3432. This genetic element was also found in Chlamydia suis, a swine pathogen. In this study, we analyzed the bacteria\u2019s resistance to tetracycline, the number of copies of the plasmids, and the growth of the strains that carry five of the pRAS3 variants (pRAS3.3 to 3.5, pRAS3-3432, and pRAS3-3759). The results show no particular trend despite the differences between the plasmids, except for the resistance to tetracycline when analyzed in an isogenic background. Blast analysis also revealed the presence of pRAS3 plasmids in other bacterial species, which suggests that this plasmid family has widely spread. This study once again highlights the ability of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida to adapt to furunculosis antibiotic treatments, and the still-growing family of pRAS3 plasmids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T20:52:01Z","timestamp":1659559921000},"page":"1047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Expansion of the pRAS3 Plasmid Family in Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and Growing Evidence of Interspecies Connections for These Plasmids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kim C.","family":"Fournier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes (IBIS), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et de G\u00e9nie, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie E.","family":"Paquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes (IBIS), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et de G\u00e9nie, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec (IUCPQ), Quebec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina A.","family":"Att\u00e9r\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes (IBIS), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et de G\u00e9nie, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Farley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquarium du Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec City, QC G1W 4S3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Marquis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Gantelet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceva Biovac, 49070 Beaucouz\u00e9, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Ravaille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Socsa Elevage, Saint-Charles, 81300 Graulhet, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1338-5785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antony T.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes (IBIS), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences Animales, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de L\u2019agriculture et de L\u2019alimentation, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0199-2852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve J.","family":"Charette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes (IBIS), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et de G\u00e9nie, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche de l\u2019Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Qu\u00e9bec (IUCPQ), Quebec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.06.025","article-title":"Virulence, genomic features, and plasticity of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the causative agent of fish furunculosis","volume":"169","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. 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