{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:44:00Z","timestamp":1790192640441,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) compromises global health due to the associated morbidity, mortality, and costs. The inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents is a prime driver of AMR. Consequently, it is imperative to gain a greater understanding of current utilization patterns especially in high-risk groups including neonates and children. A point prevalence survey (PPS) was conducted among three tertiary care children\u2019s hospitals in the Punjab province using the World Health Organization (WHO) methodology. Antibiotic use was documented according to the WHO AWaRe classification. Out of a total of 1576 neonates and children, 1506 were prescribed antibiotics on the day of the survey (prevalence = 95.5%), with an average of 1.9 antibiotics per patient. The majority of antibiotics were prescribed in the medical ward (75%), followed by surgical ward (12.8%). Furthermore, 56% of antibiotics were prescribed prophylactically, with most of the antibiotics (92.3%) administered via the parenteral route. The top three indications for antibiotics were respiratory tract infections (34.8%), gastrointestinal infections (15.8%), and prophylaxis for medical problems (14.3%). The three most common antibiotics prescribed were ceftriaxone (25.8%), amikacin (9.2%), and vancomycin (7.9%). Overall, 76.6% of the prescribed antibiotics were from Watch category followed by 21.6% from the Access group. There was a very high prevalence of antibiotic use among hospitalized neonates and children in this study. Urgent measures are needed to engage all the stakeholders to formulate effective ASPs in Pakistan, especially surrounding Watch antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T02:07:22Z","timestamp":1659578842000},"page":"1056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Antimicrobial Utilization among Neonates and Children: A Multicenter Point Prevalence Study from Leading Children\u2019s Hospitals in Punjab, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8109-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zia Ul","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Services, District Headquarter (DHQ) Hospital, Pakpattan 57400, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4802-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amer Hayat","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4366-1461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Azhar","family":"Syed Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6539-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Godman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science (SIPBS), University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa"},{"name":"Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022, June 10). Antibiotic Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antibiotic-resistance."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022, June 10). Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0125-x","article-title":"The cost of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"17","author":"Hofer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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