{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:07:23Z","timestamp":1791994043475,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, PROMIS","award":["6066966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6066966"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mastitis is considered to be one of the most important diseases of dairy cows in terms of health, production, and economy. Being the most common cause of antibiotic consumption in dairy cows, treatment of this disease is one of the biggest challenges in the veterinary profession as an increasing number of pathogens develop resistance to antibiotics used in the treatment. Therefore, new alternative approaches for limiting the use of antibiotics in livestock are required. For this reason, our study aimed to investigate prevalence of environmental mastitis associated bacterial strains, as well as the sensitivity of isolated strains to different antibiotics. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of three essential oils (EOs) was tested against bovine Serratia spp. and Proteus spp. mastitis pathogens, based on their chemical composition, as well as antibacterial potential. The study was carried out on 81 milk samples collected from dairy cows with mastitis. In order to determine prevalence of S. marcescens and P. mirabilis, microbiological isolation and identification were performed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method and the microdilution method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of selected EOs. In the oregano EO, a total of 23 compounds were detected, with carvacrol as a dominant component (78.94%). A total of 26 components were present in the EO of common thyme, where thymol was the most abundant compound (46.37%). Thymol also dominated (55.11%) the wild thyme EO. All tested EOs displayed antibacterial activity against all strains to different extents, while wild and common thyme EOs were the most effective. It could be concluded that the tested EOs represent promising therapeutic candidates for effective non-antibiotic treatment of mastitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T02:42:53Z","timestamp":1660099373000},"page":"1077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Environmental Bovine Mastitis Pathogens: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Sensitivity to Thymus vulgaris L., Thymus serpyllum L., and Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dragana","family":"Tomani\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4018-3337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biljana","family":"Bo\u017ein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5781-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neboj\u0161a","family":"Kladar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovan","family":"Stanojevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2215-4281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"\u010cabarkapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0118-9418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neboj\u0161a","family":"Stilinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Api\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Veterinary Institute Novi Sad, Rumena\u010dki put 20, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragana D.","family":"Bo\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0133-872X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zorana","family":"Kova\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.46784\/e-avm.v4i2.188","article-title":"Participation of Diagnosed Mastitits in Cows in Milk Hygiene of Branicevo District in 2002","volume":"4","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Vet.-Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.24099\/vet.arhiv.0116","article-title":"Bovine mastitis: A persistent and evolving problem requiring novel approaches for its control\u2014A review","volume":"88","author":"Habrun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Arh."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00133-19","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00133-19","article-title":"The Mastitis Pathogens Culture Collection","volume":"8","author":"Dufour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftw006","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftw006","article-title":"Bovine mastitis disease\/pathogenicity: Evidence of the potential role of microbial biofilms","volume":"74","author":"Gomes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Mendez-Vilas, A. (2011). War against mastitis: Current concepts on controlling bovine mastitis pathogens. Science against Microbial Pathogens: Communicafing Current Research and Technological Advances, World Scientific."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.15446\/rfmvz.v66n3.84258","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal infectious etiology causing mastitis in dairy cows in the highlands of Boyac\u00e1 (Colombia)","volume":"66","author":"Manrique","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. Med. Vet.-Zootec."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.17221\/7138-VETMED","article-title":"Prevalence of mastitis pathogens in milk from clinically healthy cows","volume":"58","author":"Cervinkova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.46784\/e-avm.v5i1.157","article-title":"Less Common Aetiological Agent of Bovine Mastitis: -Serratia marcescens-","volume":"5","author":"Milanov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2004040","article-title":"Innate immune response to intramammary infection with Serratia marcescens and Streptococcus uberis","volume":"35","author":"Bannerman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet.-Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-019-0488-7","article-title":"Description of two Serratia marcescens associated mastitis outbreaks in Finnish dairy farms and a review of literature","volume":"61","author":"Friman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3925","article-title":"Risk factors associated with short-term post-treatment outcomes of clinical mastitis","volume":"94","author":"Ruegg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-015-0720-6","article-title":"Significance and Roles of Proteus spp. Bacteria in Natural Environments","volume":"72","author":"Drzewiecka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88861-w","article-title":"atpD gene sequencing, multidrug resistance traits, virulence-determinants, and antimicrobial resistance genes of emerging XDR and MDR-Proteus mirabilis","volume":"11","author":"Algammal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djebala, S., Evrard, J., Gregoire, F., Bayrou, C., Gille, L., Eppe, J., Casalta, H., Fris\u00e9e, V., Moula, N., and Sartelet, A. (2021). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Several Bacteria Species Identified in the Peritoneal Exudate of Cows Affected by Parietal Fibrinous Peritonitis after Caesarean Section. Vet.-Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8120295"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2017v38n2p775","article-title":"Antimicrobial multiple resistance index, minimum inhibitory concentrations, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris strains isolated from domestic animals with various clinical manifestations of infection","volume":"38","author":"Zappa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Ci\u00eancias Agr\u00e1rias"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003022","article-title":"Coliform mastitis","volume":"34","author":"Hogan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duse, A., Persson-Waller, K., and Pedersen, K. (2021). Microbial Aetiology, Antibiotic Susceptibility and Pathogen-Specific Risk Factors for Udder Pathogens from Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11072113"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Essential oils and mastitis in dairy animals: A review","volume":"59","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haryana Vet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2018.1491330","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Lamiaceae Aromatic Spices Towards Sheep mastitis-Causing Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"21","author":"Queiroga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2478\/acve-2018-0008","article-title":"Essential oils as potential anti-staphylococcal agents","volume":"68","author":"Szweda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet.-Beogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kova\u010devi\u0107, Z., Radinovi\u0107, M., \u010cabarkapa, I., Kladar, N., and Bo\u017ein, B. (2021). Natural Agents against Bovine Mastitis Pathogens. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020205"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kova\u010devi\u0107, Z., Kladar, N., \u010cabarkapa, I., Radinovi\u0107, M., Maleti\u0107, M., Erdeljan, M., and Bo\u017ein, B. (2021). New Perspective of Origanum vulgare L. and Satureja montana L. Essential Oils as Bovine Mastitis Treatment Alternatives. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10121460"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112470","article-title":"Xanthan gum-based film-forming suspension containing essential oils: Production and in vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation against mastitis-causing microorganisms","volume":"153","author":"Barreiros","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2478\/acve-2022-0004","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Two Different Essential Oils Against Mastitis Associated Pathogens","volume":"72","author":"Kladar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Vet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17043989","article-title":"Essential Oils in Combination and Their Antimicrobial Properties","volume":"17","author":"Juliani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2005.11.009","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of selected plant essential oils on the growth of four pathogenic bacteria: E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"18","author":"Oussalah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"166","article-title":"Ispitivanje antimikrobne aktivnosti cinamaldehida i karvakrola na mikroorganizme prenosive hranom","volume":"53","author":"Velebit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meat Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.5.1845-1849.2001","article-title":"Adaptation of Escherichia coli to the Bovine Mammary Gland","volume":"39","author":"Bradley","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, Y., Wang, Y.J., Qin, Y., Vallverd\u00fa, R.G., Garc\u00eda, J.M., Sun, W., Li, S., and Cao, Z. (2016). Prevalence of Bovine Mastitis Pathogens in Bulk Tank Milk in China. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155621"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abed, A., Menshawy, A., Zeinhom, M., Hossain, D., Khalifa, E., Wareth, G., and Awad, M. (2021). Subclinical Mastitis in Selected Bovine Dairy Herds in North Upper Egypt: Assessment of Prevalence, Causative Bacterial Pathogens, Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence-Associated Genes. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9061175"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1997.tb01005.x","article-title":"Pathology of Serratia marcescens Mastitis in Cattle","volume":"44","author":"Battisti","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Vet.-Med. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"489","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of Serratia marcescens from Bovine Mastitis infections in Iraq and their Susceptibility to Antibiotics","volume":"5","author":"Abdullah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06958","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-6958","article-title":"Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria associated with cow mastitis in southern Brazil","volume":"42","author":"Lopes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pesqui. Vet. Bras."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.06.023","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibilities and bacteriological characteristics of bovine Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens isolates from Mastitis","volume":"154","author":"Ohnishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet.-Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"52","article-title":"Investigation on bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"2","author":"Parmar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Cow Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6656755","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6656755","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of Major Pathogenic Bacteria from Clinical Mastitic Cows in Asella Town, Ethiopia","volume":"2020","author":"Kasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet.-Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"237","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiogram profile of bacterial isolates from clinical bovine mastitis","volume":"1","author":"Sumathi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"706","article-title":"Prevalence, bacterial etiology and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bovine mastitis in Meerut","volume":"6","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800322","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.800322","article-title":"Combating Bovine Mastitis in the Dairy Sector in an Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Ethno-veterinary Medicinal Option as a Viable Alternative Approach","volume":"9","author":"Ajose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet.-Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascu, C., Herman, V., Iancu, I., and Costinar, L. (2022). Etiology of Mastitis and Antimicrobial Resistance in Dairy Cattle Farms in the Western Part of Romania. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010057"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16021","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52605-8","article-title":"Effects of ecological factors on the antioxidant potential and total phenol content of Scrophularia striata Boiss","volume":"9","author":"Zargoosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e15787","article-title":"Determination of chemical component of essential oil of Origanum dubium plants grown at different altitudes and antifungal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum","volume":"46","author":"Kara","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1021\/jf051922u","article-title":"Characterization of the Volatile Composition of Essential Oils of Some Lamiaceae Spices and the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Entire Oils","volume":"54","author":"Bozin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111782","article-title":"Yield and quality of \u2018Greek oregano\u2019 (Origanum vulgare L. subsp hirtum) herb from organic production system in temperate climate","volume":"141","author":"Kosakowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"EDQM (2020). European Pharmacopoeia 10.3, The European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare, Council of Europe."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-62-S4-S40","article-title":"Treatment of mastitis during lactation","volume":"62","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2298\/VETGL1302015V","article-title":"Investigations of efficacy of intramammary applied antimicrobials and glucocorticosteroides in the treatment of subclinical and clinical mastitis in cows","volume":"67","author":"Vakanjac","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Glas."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-5523","article-title":"Bacterial identification, somatic cell count, antimicrobial profile and toxigenic Staphylococcus strains search from mastitic cow milk samples on small farms properties","volume":"39","author":"Lavor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pesqui. Veterin\u00e1ria Bras."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidovi\u0107, J., Stojanovi\u0107, D., Cagnardi, P., Kladar, N., Horvat, O., \u0106irkovi\u0107, I., Bijeli\u0107, K., Stojanac, N., and Kova\u010devi\u0107, Z. (2022). Farm Animal Veterinarians\u2019 Knowledge and Attitudes toward Antimicrobial Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in the Republic of Serbia. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010064"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.46419\/vs.51.1.5","article-title":"Izolacija bakterijskih patogena kod klini\u010dki manifestnih mastitisa mlije\u010dnih goveda i njihova antimikrobna osjetljivost u zeni\u010dkoj regiji u 2017. godini","volume":"51","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Stanica"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Wen, S., Zhao, L., Xia, Q., Pan, Y., Liu, H., Wei, C., Chen, H., Ge, J., and Wang, H. (2020). Association among biofilm formation, virulence gene expression, and antibiotic resistance in Proteus mirabilis isolates from diarrhetic animals in Northeast China. BMC Vet.-Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02372-w"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11708","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment of clinical mastitis in the eastern United States: The influence of dairy farmers\u2019 mastitis management and treatment behavior and attitudes","volume":"100","author":"Kayitsinga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.04.025","article-title":"Use of plant extracts and essential oils in the control of bovine mastitis","volume":"131","author":"Lopes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Vet.-Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00146","article-title":"Effect of the Essential Oil of Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.) Epling and Limonene on Biofilm Production in Pathogens Causing Bovine Mastitis","volume":"5","author":"Cerioli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Vet.-Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-020-00181-9","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of some plant essential oils and an antimicrobial-peptide against some clinically isolated pathogens","volume":"7","author":"Tanhaeian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2014.04.003","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of essential oils, their blends and mixtures of their main constituents against some strains supporting livestock mastitis","volume":"96","author":"Fratini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01428.x","article-title":"A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol","volume":"91","author":"Lambert","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry, Allured Publishing Corporation."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Hudzicki, J. (2009). Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Protocol, American Society for Microbiology (ASM)."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"CLSI (2008). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals, CLSI. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2012). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests (Standard No. M02-A12)."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"CLSI (2018). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [11th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/8\/1077\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:06:08Z","timestamp":1760141168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/8\/1077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics11081077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11081077","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]}}}