{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:10:30Z","timestamp":1793085030284,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) or extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria represent a challenge in the neonatal population due to disease severity and limited therapeutic possibilities compared to adults. The spread of antimicrobial resistance and drug availability differ significantly worldwide. The incidence of MDR bacteria has constantly risen, causing an increase in morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs in both high-income (HIC) and low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Therefore, more evidence is needed to define the possible use of newer molecules and to optimize combination regimens for the oldest antimicrobials in neonates. This systematic review aims to identify and critically appraise the current antimicrobial treatment options and the relative outcomes for MDR and XDR Gram-negative bacterial infections in the neonatal population. (2) Methods: A literature search for the treatment of MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections in neonates (term and preterm) was conducted in Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library. Studies reporting data on single-patient-level outcomes related to a specific antibiotic treatment for MDR Gram-negative bacterial infection in children were included. Studies reporting data from adults and children were included if single-neonate-level information could be identified. We focused our research on four MDROs: Enterobacterales producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) or carbapenemase (CRE), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. PROSPERO registration: CRD42022346739 (3) Results: The search identified 11,740 studies (since January 2000), of which 22 fulfilled both the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Twenty of these studies were conducted in LMIC. Colistin is the main studied and used molecule to treat Gram-negative MDR bacteria for neonate patients in the last two decades, especially in LMIC, with variable evidence of efficacy. Carbapenems are still the leading antibiotics for ESBL Enterobacterales, while newer molecules (i.e., beta-lactam agents\/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination) are promising across all analyzed categories, but data are few and limited to HICs. (4) Conclusions: Data about the treatment of Gram-negative MDR bacteria in the neonatal population are heterogeneous and limited mainly to older antimicrobials. Newer drugs are promising but not affordable yet for many LMICs. Therefore, strategies cannot be generalized but will differ according to the country\u2019s epidemiology and resources. More extensive studies are needed to include new antimicrobials and optimize the combination strategies for the older ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T09:42:56Z","timestamp":1660124576000},"page":"1088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Therapeutic Options and Outcomes for the Treatment of Neonates and Preterms with Gram-Negative Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Chiusaroli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Women\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0821-5757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Liberati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Women\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Caseti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Women\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Rulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Women\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0850-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Women\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Giaquinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Women\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7105-2105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Don\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department for Women\u2019s and Child\u2019s Health, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Report, G. 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