{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:22:12Z","timestamp":1789615332225,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":251,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to complex maturational and physiological changes that characterize neonates and affect their response to pharmacological treatments, neonatal pharmacology is different from children and adults and deserves particular attention. Although preterms are usually considered part of the neonatal population, they have physiological and pharmacological hallmarks different from full-terms and, therefore, need specific considerations. Antibiotics are widely used among preterms. In fact, during their stay in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), invasive procedures, including central catheters for parental nutrition and ventilators for respiratory support, are often sources of microbes and require antimicrobial treatments. Unfortunately, the majority of drugs administered to neonates are off-label due to the lack of clinical studies conducted on this special population. In fact, physiological and ethical concerns represent a huge limit in performing pharmacokinetic (PK) studies on these subjects, since they limit the number and volume of blood sampling. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a useful tool that allows dose adjustments aiming to fit plasma concentrations within the therapeutic range and to reach specific drug target attainment. In this review of the last ten years\u2019 literature, we performed Pubmed research aiming to summarize the PK aspects for the most used antibiotics in preterms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T21:05:12Z","timestamp":1661288712000},"page":"1142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Use of Antibiotics in Preterm Newborns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3989-7703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Simeoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Metabolic Diseases and Drug Biology, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5925-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Cairoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Metabolic Diseases and Drug Biology, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6650-7881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nunzia","family":"Decembrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital \u201cPoliclinico-San Marco\u201d Catania, Integrated Department for Maternal and Child\u2019s Health Protection, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Campi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical and Surgical Department of Fetus-Newborn-Infant, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Dionisi Vici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Metabolic Diseases and Drug Biology, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2594-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Corona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICU and Accident & Emergency Department, ASST Valcamonica, 25043 Breno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Maria","family":"Goffredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Metabolic Diseases and Drug Biology, Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem294","article-title":"Inter-individual variability in propofol pharmacokinetics in preterm and term neonates","volume":"99","author":"Allegaert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. 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