{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T21:49:09Z","timestamp":1785534549247,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Jouf University","award":["DSR2022-RG-0154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DSR2022-RG-0154"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex (CRACB) in clinical environments is a significant global concern. These critical pathogens have shown resistance to a broad spectrum of antibacterial drugs, including carbapenems, mostly due to the acquisition of various \u03b2-lactamase genes. Clinical samples (n = 1985) were collected aseptically from multiple sources and grown on blood and MacConkey agar. Isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility were confirmed with the VITEK-2 system. The modified Hodge test confirmed the CRACB phenotype, and specific PCR primers were used for the molecular identification of blaOXA and blaNDM genes. Of the 1985 samples, 1250 (62.9%) were culture-positive and 200 (43.9%) were CRACB isolates. Of these isolates, 35.4% were recovered from pus samples and 23.5% from tracheal secretions obtained from patients in intensive care units (49.3%) and medical wards (20.2%). An antibiogram indicated that 100% of the CRACB isolates were resistant to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics and \u03b2-lactam inhibitors, 86.5% to ciprofloxacin, and 83.5% to amikacin, while the most effective antibiotics were tigecycline and colistin. The CRACB isolates displayed resistance to eight different AWaRe classes of antibiotics. All isolates exhibited the blaOXA-51 gene, while blaOXA-23 was present in 94.5%, blaVIM in 37%, and blaNDM in 14% of the isolates. The blaOXA-51, blaOXA-23, and blaOXA-24 genes co-existed in 13 (6.5%) isolates. CRACB isolates with co-existing blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaNDM, blaOXA-51 and blaVIM genes were highly prevalent in clinical samples from Pakistan. CRACB strains were highly critical pathogens and presented resistance to virtually all antibacterial drugs, except tigecycline and colistin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T21:25:18Z","timestamp":1661894718000},"page":"1168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Molecular Detection of Class B and Class D Carbapenemases in Clinical Strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii Complex: The High Burden of Antibiotic Resistance and the Co-Existence of Carbapenemase Genes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6185-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasan","family":"Ejaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2636-238X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Usman","family":"Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5328-4105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kashaf","family":"Junaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Younas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeeshan","family":"Taj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8125-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Nasir Abbas","family":"Bukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8680-8427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abualgasim E.","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid O. A.","family":"Abosalif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2312-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveed","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zikria","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman H. M.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koom 32511, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, King AbdulAziz Specialist Hospital, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wareth, G., Linde, J., Nguyen, N.H., Nguyen, T.N.M., Sprague, L.D., Pletz, M.W., and Neubauer, H. (2021). WGS-Based Analysis of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Vietnam and Molecular Characterization of Antimicrobial Determinants and MLST in Southeast Asia. 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