{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T04:04:17Z","timestamp":1792728257861,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In patients that are admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), the clinical outcome of severe infections depends on several factors, as well as the early administration of chemotherapies and comorbidities. Antimicrobials may be used in off-label regimens to maximize the probability of therapeutic concentrations within infected tissues and to prevent the selection of resistant clones. Interestingly, the literature clearly shows that the rate of tissue penetration is variable among antibacterial drugs, and the correlation between plasma and tissue concentrations may be inconstant. The present review harvests data about tissue penetration of antibacterial drugs in ICU patients, limiting the search to those drugs that mainly act as protein synthesis inhibitors and disrupting DNA structure and function. As expected, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, linezolid, and tigecycline have an excellent diffusion into epithelial lining fluid. That high penetration is fundamental for the therapy of ventilator and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Some drugs also display a high penetration rate within cerebrospinal fluid, while other agents diffuse into the skin and soft tissues. Further studies are needed to improve our knowledge about drug tissue penetration, especially in the presence of factors that may affect drug pharmacokinetics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,5]],"date-time":"2022-09-05T20:48:25Z","timestamp":1662410905000},"page":"1193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Tissue Penetration of Antimicrobials in Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Systematic Review\u2014Part II"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bruno","family":"Viaggi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Associazione GiViTI, c\/o Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Cangialosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione GiViTI, c\/o Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, ASL VC, 13100 Vercelli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2594-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Corona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICU and Accident & Emergency Department, ASST Valcamonica, 25043 Breno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3525-3249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Finazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 24020 Ranica, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-6183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonello","family":"Di Paolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0397-5","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality in patients admitted to intensive care units with pneumonia","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. 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