{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T12:27:00Z","timestamp":1793881620754,"version":"4.7.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSP2022R461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2022R461"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria along with the limited development of antimicrobials warrant investigating novel antimicrobial modalities. Emerging inorganic engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), most notably silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), have demonstrated superior antimicrobial properties. However, AgNPs, particularly those of small size, could exert overt toxicity to mammalian cells. This study investigated whether combining AgNPs and conventional antimicrobials would produce a synergistic response and determined the optimal and safe minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range against several wild-type Gram-positive and -negative strains and three different clinical isolates of AMR Klebsiella pneumoniae. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the synergistic combinations was assessed in a human hepatocyte model. The results showed that the AgNPs (15\u201325 nm) were effective against Gram-negative bacteria (MIC of 16\u2013128 \u00b5g\/mL) but not Gram-positive strains (MIC of 256 \u00b5g\/mL). Both wild-type and AMR K. pneumoniae had similar MIC values following exposure to AgNPs. Importantly, co-exposure to combinations of AgNPs and antimicrobial agents, including kanamycin, colistin, rifampicin, and vancomycin, displayed synergy against both wild-type and AMR K. pneumoniae isolates (except for vancomycin against AMR strain I). Notably, the tested combinations demonstrated no to minimal toxicity against hepatocytes. Altogether, this study indicates the potential of combining AgNPs with conventional antimicrobials to overcome AMR bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T09:51:09Z","timestamp":1662630669000},"page":"1219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Silver Nanoparticle-Based Combinations with Antimicrobial Agents against Antimicrobial-Resistant Clinical Isolates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Areej M.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2650-5934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasser B.","family":"Alsaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6564-7732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alanoud T.","family":"Aljasham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0716-3251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Essam A.","family":"Tawfik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center of Biotechnology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9527-229X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Assiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musaed","family":"Alkholief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9746-4765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mashal M.","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s12034-016-1181-3","article-title":"Screening of metal-resistant coal mine bacteria for biofabrication of elemental silver nanoparticle","volume":"39","author":"Panda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e1403","article-title":"A Review on Antibiotic Resistance: Alarm Bells are Ringing","volume":"9","author":"Zaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"33","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Metal and Metal-Oxide Based Nanoparticles","volume":"1","author":"Gold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9395","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S216204","article-title":"Relationship between structure and antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles: An overview","volume":"14","author":"Manaia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641481","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.641481","article-title":"A Mini Review of Antibacterial Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Gudkov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s40097-016-0205-2","article-title":"Antibiofilm activity of biogenic copper and zinc oxide nanoparticles-antimicrobials collegiate against multiple drug resistant bacteria: A nanoscale approach","volume":"6","author":"Ashajyothi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanostruct. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016-10","article-title":"Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"74","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01441","article-title":"Nano-strategies to fight multidrug resistant bacteria \u201cA Battle of the Titans\u201d","volume":"9","author":"Baptista","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-6632.20190362s20180027","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by solochemical process","volume":"36","author":"Haberbeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"WHO (2017). Who Publishes List of Bacteria for Which New Antibiotics Are Urgently Needed. Saudi Med. J., 38, 444\u2013445."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1703","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Saudi Arabia: A review for immediate action and solution","volume":"4","author":"Ahmadini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16139","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2016.9.16139","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Saudi Arabia: An urgent call for an immediate action","volume":"37","author":"Zowawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaman, T.U., Alrodayyan, M., Albladi, M., Aldrees, M., Siddique, M.I., Aljohani, S., and Balkhy, H.H. (2018). Clonal diversity and genetic profiling of antibiotic resistance among multidrug\/carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. BMC Infect. Dis., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3114-9"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S283488","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant and extensively drugresistant enterobacteriaceae: Prevalence, treatments, and outcomes\u2014A retrospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Alkofide","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S265000","article-title":"Three years of evaluation to determine reduction of antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria by the saudi national action plan","volume":"13","author":"Alabdullatif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00074","article-title":"Treatment of Infections Due to MDR Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"6","author":"Bassetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.17586\/2220-8054-2020-11-2-237-245","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and concentration dependant antibacterial potentials of nickel oxide nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli 2020","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanosyst. Phys. Chem. Math."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2017.1230200","article-title":"Colistin: Still a lifesaver for the 21st century?","volume":"13","author":"Karaiskos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almutairi, M.M. (2022). Synergistic activities of colistin combined with other antimicrobial agents against colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270908"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.07.049","article-title":"Engineered nanoparticles and organic matter: A review of the state-of-the-art","volume":"119","author":"Grillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S288236","article-title":"Engineered nanomaterials: The challenges and opportunities for nanomedicines","volume":"16","author":"Albalawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-020-04817-7","article-title":"Nanotechnological solutions for controlling transmission and emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, future prospects, and challenges: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Ssekatawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0319","article-title":"Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Alternative Methods to Control Them: An Overview","volume":"25","author":"Vivas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-018-2532-3","article-title":"Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Activity Against Microbes","volume":"13","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S160605","article-title":"In vivo antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles produced via a green chemistry synthesis using acacia rigidula as a reducing and capping agent","volume":"13","author":"Castro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruna, T., Maldonado-Bravo, F., Jara, P., and Caro, N. (2021). Silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137202"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763807","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/763807","article-title":"Assessment of size-dependent antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of silver nanoparticles","volume":"2014","author":"Jeong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.03.007","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles strongly enhance and restore bactericidal activity of inactive antibiotics against multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"142","author":"Froning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1021\/es504705p","article-title":"Trojan-horse mechanism in the cellular uptake of silver nanoparticles verified by direct intra- and extracellular silver speciation analysis","volume":"49","author":"Hsiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.2741\/e827","article-title":"Nanoantibiotics: Future nanotechnologies to combat antibiotic resistance","volume":"10","author":"Muzammil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci.-Elit."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franci, G., Falanga, A., Galdiero, S., Palomba, L., Rai, M., Morelli, G., and Galdiero, M. (2015). Silver nanoparticles as potential antibacterial agents. Molecules, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20058856"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-018-1436-3","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial therapeutics: Current perspectives and future challenges","volume":"8","author":"Prasher","year":"2018","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.33263\/LIANBS101.18771888","article-title":"Assessment of Toxicity and Safety Profiles of Nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Nanobiosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-021-00147-2","article-title":"Combination of silver nanoparticles with ineffective antibiotics against extended spectrum beta-lactamases producing isolates at Alexandria Main University Hospital, Egypt","volume":"10","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"67043","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles with Neomycin or Gentamicin Antibiotics on Mastitis-Causing Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"6","author":"Jamaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.648560","article-title":"Enhanced Efficacy of Some Antibiotics in Presence of Silver Nanoparticles Against Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Recovered From Burn Wound Infections","volume":"12","author":"Khalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202101973","article-title":"Synergetic Effect of Rifampin Loaded Mussel-Inspired Silver Nanoparticles for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant Strain of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00998","article-title":"Mechanistic Study of the Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Combined Silver Nanoparticles and Common Antibiotics","volume":"50","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bactericidal and antibiotic synergistic effect of nanosilver against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus","volume":"8","author":"Rahim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73683-z","article-title":"Bio fabrication of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial and cytotoxic abilities using lichens","volume":"10","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-008-9446-4","article-title":"Characterization of size, surface charge, and agglomeration state of nanoparticle dispersions for toxicological studies","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nanopart. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"18965","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: Aggregation behavior in biorelevant conditions and its impact on biological activity","volume":"14","author":"Igaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f3nav\u00e1ri, A., B\u00e9lteky, P., Boka, E., Zakupszky, D., Igaz, N., Szerencs\u00e9s, B., Pfeiffer, I., K\u00f3nya, Z., and Kiricsi, M. (2021). Polyvinyl-pyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles\u2014The colloidal, chemical and biological consequences of steric stabilization under biorelevant conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168673"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2014). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Standard No. M100-S24."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial (2022, May 15). The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters. Version 10.0. Available online: http:\/\/www.eucast.org."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2020). 2019 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 29th Edition. Standard No. CLSI M100-ED29."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2011.05.007","article-title":"Synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Guzman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2015.03.003","article-title":"Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cassia tora leaf extract and its antioxidant and antibacterial activities","volume":"28","author":"Saravanakumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8165","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6398165","article-title":"Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Biofilm Formation and EPS Production of Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"2020","author":"Siddique","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21136","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA03580G","article-title":"Cytotoxic effect of green silver nanoparticles against ampicillin-resistantKlebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"10","author":"Hamida","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8640","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.638640","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles Induce a Triclosan-Like Antibacterial Action Mechanism in Multi-Drug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"12","author":"Pareek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S121956","article-title":"The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: Present situation and prospects for the future","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S307676","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the flower extract of abelmoschus esculentus for cytotoxicity and antimicrobial studies","volume":"16","author":"Devanesan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4649506","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4649506","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Murraya koenigii (L.) against multidrug-resistant pathogens","volume":"2019","author":"Qais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinorg. Chem. Appl."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"872","article-title":"The intrinsic resistance of bacteria","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yi chuan"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225103","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/18\/22\/225103","article-title":"Characterization of enhanced antibacterial effects of novel silver nanoparticles","volume":"18","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"115","article-title":"Nanotechnology in Medicine and Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Chung, E., Johnston, I., Ren, G., and Cheong, Y.K. (2021). Exploitation of antimicrobial nanoparticles and their applications in biomedical engineering. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11104520"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.11.083","article-title":"CMC stabilized nano silver synthesis, characterization and its antibacterial and synergistic effect with broad spectrum antibiotics","volume":"158","author":"Prema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1039\/C3RA44507K","article-title":"Size-controlled silver nanoparticles synthesized over the range 5-100 nm using the same protocol and their antibacterial efficacy","volume":"4","author":"Agnihotri","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.02.021","article-title":"The inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles, silver ions, and silver chloride colloids on microbial growth","volume":"42","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"11","article-title":"Fabrication of porous chitosan\/silver nanocomposite film and its bactericidal efficacy against multi-drug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates","volume":"6","author":"Das","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leber, A.L. (2016). Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818814"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00167","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and synergistic antibacterial potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles against foodborne pathogenic bacteria along with its anticandidal and antioxidant effects","volume":"8","author":"Patra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-016-0462-1","article-title":"A new report of Nocardiopsis valliformis strain OT1 from alkaline Lonar crater of India and its use in synthesis of silver nanoparticles with special reference to evaluation of antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity","volume":"205","author":"Rathod","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vazquez-Mu\u00f1oz, R., Meza-Villezcas, A., Fournier, P.G.J., Soria-Castro, E., Juarez-Moreno, K., Gallego-Hern\u00e1ndez, A.L., Bogdanchikova, N., Vazquez-Duhalt, R., and Huerta-Saquero, A. (2019). Enhancement of antibiotics antimicrobial activity due to the silver nanoparticles impact on the cell membrane. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224904"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan\u00e1cek, A., Sm\u00e9kalov\u00e1, M., Kilianov\u00e1, M., Prucek, R., Bogdanov\u00e1, K., Ve\u010de\u0159ov\u00e1, R., Kol\u00e1\u0159, M., Havrdov\u00e1, M., P\u0142aza, G.A., and Chojniak, J. (2016). Strong and nonspecific synergistic antibacterial efficiency of antibiotics combined with silver nanoparticles at very low concentrations showing no cytotoxic effect. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21010026"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2021.09.015","article-title":"A synergic action of colistin, imipenem, and silver nanoparticles against pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from patients","volume":"14","author":"Khaled","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.01.024","article-title":"Biomimetic preparation of polymer-supported free radical scavenging, cytocompatible and antimicrobial \u2018green\u2019 silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Citrus sinensis peel","volume":"84","author":"Konwarh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4166","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S104166","article-title":"Effects of silver nanoparticles in combination with antibiotics on the resistant bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"11","author":"Wan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01984","article-title":"Leveraging the attributes of mucor hiemalis-derived silver nanoparticles for a synergistic broad-spectrum antimicrobial platform","volume":"7","author":"Aziz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.068833-0","article-title":"Modulation of antibiotic resistance and induction of a stress response in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by silver nanoparticles","volume":"63","author":"Markowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"90","article-title":"Antibiotics: Classification and mechanisms of action with emphasis on molecular perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Ebimieowei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201860018","article-title":"Evaluation of E. Coli inhibition by plain and polymer-coated silver nanoparticles","volume":"60","author":"Ashmore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"217","article-title":"Characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Urtica dioica Linn. leaves and their synergistic effects with antibiotics","volume":"9","author":"Jyoti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA07980C","article-title":"Enhanced bactericidal efficacy of polymer stabilized silver nanoparticles in conjugation with different classes of antibiotics","volume":"9","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4856","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05996-11","article-title":"In vitro synergy of colistin combinations against colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates","volume":"56","author":"Vidaillac","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.03015","article-title":"Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1 Mediates Cell Permeability and Resistance to Hydrophobic Antibiotics","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7563","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01967563","article-title":"Structure, biochemistry and mechanism of action of glycopeptide antibiotics","volume":"8","author":"Reynolds","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.10.008","article-title":"Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its antibacterial activity against water borne pathogens","volume":"76","author":"Krishnaraj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4449","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02284-12","article-title":"KpnEF, a new member of the Klebsiella pneumoniae cell envelope stress response regulon, is an SMR-type efflux pump involved in broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance","volume":"57","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1039\/C5MD00344J","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics: Overview and perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Labby","year":"2016","journal-title":"MedChemComm"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-018-0552-1","article-title":"Oligodynamic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Prasher","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01074","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles at Biocompatible Dosage Synergistically Increases Bacterial Susceptibility to Antibiotics","volume":"11","author":"Ipe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Carrizales, M., Velasco, K.I., Castillo, C., Flores, A., Maga\u00f1a, M., Martinez-Castanon, G.A., and Martinez-Gutierrez, F. (2018). In vitro synergism of silver nanoparticles with antibiotics as an alternative treatment in multiresistant uropathogens. Antibiotics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics7020050"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/871097","article-title":"Enhancement of antibacterial activity of capped silver nanoparticles in combination with antibiotics, on model gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria","volume":"2013","author":"Kora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioinorg. Chem. Appl."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2017-0101","article-title":"Engineered nanomaterials and human health: Part 1. Preparation, functionalization and characterization (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"90","author":"Gubala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24001","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: Therapeutical uses, toxicity, and safety issues","volume":"103","author":"Seckler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-2079-6","article-title":"Prediction of liver toxicity and mode of action using metabolomics in vitro in HepG2 cells","volume":"92","author":"Ramirez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S16603","article-title":"Nanotoxicology and nanoparticle safety in biomedical designs","volume":"6","author":"Biazar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S234425","article-title":"Synergistic and antagonistic effects of metal nanoparticles in combination with antibiotics against some reference strains of pathogenic microorganisms","volume":"13","author":"Mousa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"(2015). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard-Tenth Edition (Standard No. CLSI DOCUMENTE M07-A10)."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"830","article-title":"Study of synergistic action of cefotaxime and Terminalia chebula on Acinetobacter baumannii using checkerboard Assay","volume":"5","author":"Rabadia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"(2022, August 30). Hep G2 [HEPG2]\u2014HB-8065|ATCC. Available online: https:\/\/www.atcc.org\/products\/hb-8065."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/9\/1219\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:27:40Z","timestamp":1760142460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/9\/1219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics11091219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11091219","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]}}}