{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T21:20:22Z","timestamp":1793481622225,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Tanzania, the increased demand for animal-derived foods, particularly eggs, meat, and milk, has resulted in the intensification of farming systems with the use of antimicrobials, particularly sulphonamides and tetracyclines. According to the FAO\/WHO Codex Alimentarius commission, concentrations of antimicrobial residues in food exceeding the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and maximum residual limit (MRL) pose a health risk to consumers. This cross-sectional study determined the concentrations of sulphonamide and tetracycline residues in the liver tissues of commercial broiler chicken sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to find out whether the amounts of residues were within the legally permitted and acceptable limits in food. We conveniently sampled eighty-four liver tissue samples from broiler chicken sold in two out of six large markets in Dar es Salaam. The amounts of tetracycline and sulphonamide residues were determined using an ELISA kit (Shenzhen Lvshiyuan Biotechnology Company, Shenzhen, China). The results showed that all 100% (n = 84) samples contained tetracycline residues and 21.4% (n = 18) samples contained sulphonamide residues, while 21.4% (n = 18) contained both sulphonamide and tetracycline residues. The concentrations of sulphonamide residues were within the maximum residual limit (MRL). However, 90.5% (n = 76) of the samples had tetracycline levels that exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) range 0\u20133 \u00b5g\/kg and 13.1% (n = 11) of the samples had tetracycline levels that exceeded the maximum residue limit of 300 \u00b5g\/kg. The observed presence of antibiotic residues in the poultry tissues poses a health risk to consumers, and may lead to antimicrobial resistance micro-organisms, which may spread to humans and animals via the environment. Vigorous surveillance and observation of the withdrawal periods should be advocated to ensure that the food from animals is safe with regard to the residues of veterinary medicines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T20:50:27Z","timestamp":1662670227000},"page":"1222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Determination of Sulphonamides and Tetracycline Residues in Liver Tissues of Broiler Chicken Sold in Kinondoni and Ilala Municipalities, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Winstone J.","family":"Ulomi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Bureau of Standards, P.O. Box 9524, Dar es Salaam 16103, Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fauster X.","family":"Mgaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuhura","family":"Kimera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mecky I.","family":"Matee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Use of sulfonamides in layers in Kampala district, Uganda and sulfonamide residues in commercial eggs","volume":"5","author":"James","year":"2005","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caudell, M., Quinlan, M., Subbiah, M., Call, D., Roulette, C., and Roulette, J. (2017). Antimicrobial use and veterinary care among agro-pastoralists in Northern Tanzania. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170328"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"234","article-title":"Assessment of drug usage and antimicrobial residues in milk on smallholder farms in Morogoro, Tanzania","volume":"53","author":"Karimuribo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-020-0697-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial use and resistance in food-producing animals and the environment: An African perspective","volume":"9","author":"Kimera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Occurrence and Distribution of Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines and Quinolones in Livestock Manure in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania","volume":"1","author":"Mohameda","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Zoonotic Dis. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determination of oxytetracycline residues in cattle meat marketed in the Kilosa district, Tanzania","volume":"82","author":"Kimera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Veter-Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antimicrobial usage in cattle and poultry production in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Pattern and quantity","volume":"18","author":"Azabo","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Veter-Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Awareness of human health risks associated with the use of antimicrobials among livestock keepers and factors that contribute to selection of antibiotic resistance bacteria within livestock in Tanzania. Livestock Rural","volume":"24","author":"Katakweba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"124","article-title":"Sulfonamide residues in commercial layer chicken eggs in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"2","author":"Ezekiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"FAO, and WHO (2013). Codex Alimentarius Commission, Procedural Manual, Joint FAO\/WHO Food Standard Programme, WHO."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4162","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-4162-2","article-title":"A sensitive emulsification liquid phase microextraction coupled with on-line phase separation followed by HPLC for trace determination of sulfonamides in water samples","volume":"187","author":"Ebrahimpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"22","article-title":"High performance liquid chromatography: A short review","volume":"2","author":"Malviya","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Glob. Pharma Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2014.26-29","article-title":"ELISA based monitoring and analysis of tetracycline residues in cattle milk in various districts of Punjab","volume":"7","author":"Gaurav","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.07.048","article-title":"Validation of HPLC method for determination of tetracycline residues in chicken meat and liver","volume":"124","author":"Shalaby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramatla, T., Ngoma, L., Adetunji, M., and Mwanza, M. (2017). Evaluation of Antibiotic Residues in Raw Meat Using Different Analytical Methods. Antibiotics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics6040034"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Tahir, Y., Elshafie, E.I., Asi, M.N., Al-Kharousi, K., Al Toobi, A.G., Al-Wahaibi, Y., and Al-Marzooqi, W. (2021). Detection of Residual Antibiotics and Their Differential Distribution in Broiler Chicken Tissues Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10111305"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"30","article-title":"Assessment of veterinary drug use and determination of antimicrobial residues in broiler chicken meat in Urban district, Zanzibar, Tanzania","volume":"28","author":"Nonga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tanzania Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2021.694082","article-title":"Consumption Trends of Antibiotic for Veterinary Use in Tanzania: A Longitudinal Retrospective Survey from 2010\u20132017","volume":"2","author":"Sangeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2009.203.207","article-title":"Assessment of Antimicrobial Usage and Antimicrobial Residues in Broiler Chickens in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania","volume":"8","author":"Nonga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pak. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mdegela, R.H., Mwakapeje, E.R., Rubegwa, B., Gebeyehu, D.T., Niyigena, S., Msambichaka, V., Nonga, H.E., Antoine-Moussiaux, N., and Folorunso, O. (2021). Antimicrobial Use, Residues, Resistance and Governance in the Food and Agriculture Sectors, Tanzania. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040454"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"51","article-title":"Antimicrobial use in the poultry industry in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania and public health implications","volume":"2","author":"Mubito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Res. Comm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21697","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the patient with cancer: Escalating challenges and paths forward","volume":"71","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00135","article-title":"Genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance identified in Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Enteroccocus spp. isolated from U.S. food animals","volume":"4","author":"Frye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960401.x","article-title":"Veterinary Drug Usage and Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","volume":"96","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2005","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mgaya, F., Matee, M., Muhairwa, A., and Hoza, A. (2021). Occurrence of Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli in Raw Meat and Cloaca Swabs in Poultry Processed in Slaughter Slabs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040343"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimera, Z., Mgaya, F., Misinzo, G., Mshana, S., Moremi, N., and Matee, M. (2021). Multidrug-Resistant, Including Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase-Producing and Quinolone-Resistant, Escherichia coli Isolated from Poultry and Domestic Pigs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040406"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonola, V., Katakweba, A., Misinzo, G., and Matee, M. (2021). Occurrence of Multi-Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli in Chickens, Humans, Rodents and Household Soil in Karatu, Northern Tanzania. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091137"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frumence, G., Mboera, L., Sindato, C., Durrance-Bagale, A., Jung, A.-S., Mshana, S., Clark, T., Legido-Quigley, H., and Matee, M. (2021). Practices and Challenges of Veterinary Paraprofessionals in Regards to Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Animals in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060733"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mshana, E., Calvin, S., Mecky, M., and Leonard, E. (2021). Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Agriculture and Food Production Systems in Africa: A Systematic Review. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080976"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2022, January 18). Tanzania\u2019s AMR National Action Plan 2017\u20132022. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=Tanzania%E2%80%99s+AMR+National+Action+Plan+2017-2022."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Sulfonamides (SAs) ELISA Kit (2021, November 20). Shenzhen Lvshiyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Version: 2016-01, Catalog No. LSY-10009. Available online: https:\/\/lsyu01.en.made-in-china.com\/product\/wbxQHsCDAIcu\/China-Lsy-10009-Sulfonamides-SAS-Elisa-Test-Kit.html."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Tetracyclines (TCs) ELISA Kit (2021, November 20). Shenzhen Lvshiyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Version: 2020-01, Catalog No. LSY-10006. Available online: https:\/\/lsyu01.en.made-in-china.com\/product\/wbxQHsCDAIcu\/China-Lsy-10006-Tetracyclines-TCS-Elisa-Test-Kit.html."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/9\/1222\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:27:57Z","timestamp":1760142477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/9\/1222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics11091222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11091222","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]}}}