{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:06:43Z","timestamp":1775765203153,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction. Knowledge of local and regional antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is crucial in clinical decision-making, especially with critically ill patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate and pattern of infections in valvular heart disease patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at the Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery in Khartoum, Sudan (run by EMERGENCY NGO). Methods. This is a retrospective, observational study from a single, large international referral centre (part of a Regional Programme), which enrolled patients admitted to the ICU between 1 January and 31 December 2019. Data collected for each patient included demographic data, operating theatre\/ICU data and microbiological cultures. Results. Over the study period, 611 patients were enrolled (elective surgery n = 491, urgent surgery n = 34 and urgent medical care n = 86). The infection rate was 14.2% and turned out to be higher in medical than in surgical patients (25.6% vs. 12.4%; p = 0.002; OR = 2.43) and higher in those undergoing urgent surgery than those undergoing elective (29.4% vs. 11.2%; p = 0.004; OR = 3.3). Infection was related to (a) SOFA score (p &lt; 0.001), (b) ICU length of stay (p &lt; 0.001) and (c) days from ICU admission to OT (p = 0.003). A significant relationship between the type of admission (elective, urgent surgery or medical) and the presence of infections was found (p &lt; 0.001). The mortality rate was higher among infected patients (infected vs. infection-free: 10.3% vs. 2.1%; p &lt; 0.001; OR = 5.38; 95% CI: 2.16\u201313.4; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions. Hospital-acquired infections remain a relevant preventable cause of mortality in our particular population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T20:52:25Z","timestamp":1663015945000},"page":"1227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Rates and Determinants of Hospital-Acquired Infection among ICU Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery in Developing Countries: Results from EMERGENCY\u2019NGO\u2019s Hospital in Sudan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6201-389X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ornella","family":"Spagnolello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery, EMERGENCY\u2019NGO, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Fabris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Control and Emergency Against Animal Diseases and Central Crisis Unit\u2014Unit III, Directorate General for Animal Health and Veterinary Medicinal Products, Italian Ministry of Health, 00153 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Medical Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Portella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery, EMERGENCY\u2019NGO, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimiana","family":"Raafat Shafig Saber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery, EMERGENCY\u2019NGO, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Giovanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery, EMERGENCY\u2019NGO, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manahel","family":"Badr Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery, EMERGENCY\u2019NGO, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Langer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery, EMERGENCY\u2019NGO, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3866-9239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Ciccozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3571-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"d\u2019Ettorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5921-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Ceccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Migrant and Global Health Research Organization (Mi-HeRO), Rome 00176, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.04.052","article-title":"Management Practices and Major Infections After Cardiac Surgery","volume":"64","author":"Gelijns","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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