{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:39:35Z","timestamp":1793403575560,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Government","award":["M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e-Infection 10-IAHU-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e-Infection 10-IAHU-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic-resistant-bacteria are being considered as emerging environmental contaminants where the importance of the surrounding environment in their emergence and dissemination has been emphasized. The aim of this study was to screen for the presence and diversity of carbapenem- and colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (GNBs) in different aquatic environments. Water samples were collected in Batna, Algeria. Carbapenem- and colistin-resistant GNBs were selectively isolated and then identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. After phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing, the molecular mechanisms of \u03b2-lactams and colistin-resistance were investigated by PCR and sequencing. The clonality of mcr-1 positive Escherichia coli was determined by multi-locus sequence typing. We noticed a high level of resistance in both tap water and wastewater. The most commonly found carbapenem-resistance mechanism was the OXA-48 enzyme, but other carbapenemases were also detected. In addition, the mcr-1 gene was detected in 18 E. coli of different sequence types. Our findings highlight the role of aquatic environments in the dissemination of resistant-bacteria, especially considering that water is a connecting medium between different ecological systems and can easily transmit resistant-bacteria and promote horizontal gene transfer. Thus, the development of effective treatment strategies for eliminating antibiotic-resistance is seriously needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T21:23:27Z","timestamp":1664313807000},"page":"1314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Dissemination of Carbapenemases and MCR-1 Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria in Aquatic Environments in Batna, Algeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5921-7955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zineb","family":"Cherak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Universit\u00e9 de Batna 2, Batna 05078, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotfi","family":"Loucif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Mol\u00e9cules Bioactives et de la Physiopathologie Cellulaire (LBMBPC), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Universit\u00e9 de Batna 2, Batna 05078, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esma","family":"Bendjama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Mol\u00e9cules Bioactives et de la Physiopathologie Cellulaire (LBMBPC), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Universit\u00e9 de Batna 2, Batna 05078, Algeria"},{"name":"D\u00e9partements de Technologie Alimentaire, Instituts des Sciences Agronomiques et V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires, Universit\u00e9 El Hadj Lakhdar-Batna 1, Batna 05000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5143-6045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhamid","family":"Moussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique, Biotechnologie et Valorisation des Bioressources (GBVB), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences Exactes et des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Universit\u00e9 Mohamed Khider, Biskra 07000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amel","family":"Benbouza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Batna 2, Batna 05078, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Grainat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Batna 2, Batna 05078, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Rolain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine et de Pharmacie, Aix Marseille Universit\u00e9, IRD, MEPHI, 13007 Marseille, France"},{"name":"IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection, 13005 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique des H\u00f4pitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4582","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14758","article-title":"Insights into the antibiotic resistance dissemination in a wastewater effluent microbiome: Bacteria, viruses and vesicles matter","volume":"21","author":"Gomez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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