{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T19:42:24Z","timestamp":1774381344075,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAAST-ACLH"},{"name":"NAHEP of ICAR, New Delhi"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A cross-sectional study covering four agro-climatic zones of West Bengal, India, was carried out to understand the risk-factors, antimicrobial resistance mechanism and clustering of the resistance characteristics of Escherichia coli isolated from healthy (170) and diarrhoeic (74) goats reared under intensive (52) and semi-intensive (192) farming practices. Of the 488 E. coli isolates, the majority, including the extended spectrum (n: 64, 13.11%) and AmpC \u03b2-lactamase (ACBL) (n: 86, 17.62%) producers, were resistant to tetracycline (25.2%), followed by enrofloxacin (24.5%), cefotaxime (21.5%) and amikacin (20.5%). Statistical modelling revealed that the isolates from diarrhoeic animals (p &lt; 0.001) are likely to be more ACBL-positive than those from the healthy counterparts. Similarly, cefotaxime (p &lt; 0.05) and enrofloxacin-resistance (p &lt; 0.01) were significantly higher in diarrhoeic goats and in goats reared intensively. The isolates (n = 35) resistant to multiple drugs revealed the presence of \u03b2-lactamase [blaCTXM-1-(21), blaSHV-(7), blaTEM-(3), blaCMY-6-(1), blaCITM-(3)]; quinolone [qnrB-(10), qnrS-(7), aac(6\u2019)-Ib-cr-(3)]; tetracycline [tetA-(19), tetB-(4)] and sulphonamide resistance determinants [sul1-(4)]; multiple plasmids, especially those belonging to the IncF and IncI1 replicon types; and active acrAB efflux pumps. Further, two isolates harbored the carbapenem resistance (blaNDM-5) gene and eight were strong biofilm producers. This first ever study conducted to unravel the status of AMR in goat farming reveals that not only the intensive farming practices but also certain clinical ailments such as diarrhoea can increase the shedding of the drug-resistant isolate. The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli in goats, particularly those that are carbapenem resistant, is a cause for concern that indicates the spread of such pathogens even in the livestock sub-sector generally considered as naive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T22:47:27Z","timestamp":1665182847000},"page":"1344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern, Clustering Mechanisms and Correlation Matrix of Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli in Black Bengal Goats in West Bengal, India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jaydeep","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5623-1399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debaraj","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3334-3486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suman","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinmoy","family":"Maji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pramod Kumar","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4215-6436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun K.","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3768-5141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Premanshu","family":"Dandapat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1189-3994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Indranil","family":"Samanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700 037, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7725-9294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia n\u00ba 4, Parque Tecnol\u00f3gico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Vi\u00f1as, 32900 Ourense, Spain"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Tecnolox\u00eda dos Alimentos, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Triveni","family":"Dutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Livestock Production and Management, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9529-5715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samiran","family":"Bandyopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of the Traditional Goat Production Systems in Rural Areas of the Nile Delta in Egypt","volume":"43","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. 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