{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:28:42Z","timestamp":1790227722806,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy of the Polish Academy of Sciences","award":["statutory funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["statutory funds"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phages are immunogenic and may evoke an immune response following their administration. Consequently, patients undergoing phage therapy (PT) produce phage-neutralizing serum antibodies. The clinical significance of this phenomenon for the success or failure of the therapy is currently unclear. Interestingly, even a strong anti-phage humoral response does not exclude the success of PT. On the other hand, it cannot be ruled out that phage\u2013antibody complexes may be trapped in tissues and organs causing injury and late complications of PT. Therefore, patients should be monitored for the presence of serum antibodies and therapy discontinued if their level is high. Our preliminary data suggest that the kinetics of the disappearance of those antibodies may vary from patient to patient and in some cases may take more than a year.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T22:47:27Z","timestamp":1665182847000},"page":"1358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Do Anti-Phage Antibodies Persist after Phage Therapy? A Preliminary Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8535-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzanna","family":"\u0141usiak-Szelachowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Mi\u0119dzybrodzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Rog\u00f3\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5349-8349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Weber-D\u0105browska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9556-2820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"\u017baczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0863-6041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"G\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacteriophage Laboratory, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Phage Therapy Unit, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences (HIIET PAS), 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Infant Jesus Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-080219-122208","article-title":"Phage therapy for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections","volume":"73","author":"Hatfull","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. 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