{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T04:26:24Z","timestamp":1792643184722,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":287,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Korean government, Ministry of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017M3A9E4077232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M3A9E4077232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hallym University","award":["2017M3A9E4077232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M3A9E4077232"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most successful human pathogens with the potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality. MRSA has acquired resistance to almost all \u03b2-lactam antibiotics, including the new-generation cephalosporins, and is often also resistant to multiple other antibiotic classes. The expression of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) is the primary basis for \u03b2-lactams resistance by MRSA, but it is coupled with other resistance mechanisms, conferring resistance to non-\u03b2-lactam antibiotics. The multiplicity of resistance mechanisms includes target modification, enzymatic drug inactivation, and decreased antibiotic uptake or efflux. This review highlights the molecular basis of resistance to non-\u03b2-lactam antibiotics recommended to treat MRSA infections such as macrolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, oxazolidinones, lipopeptides, and others. A thorough understanding of the molecular and biochemical basis of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates could help in developing promising therapies and molecular detection methods of antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T20:43:21Z","timestamp":1665261801000},"page":"1378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Molecular Basis of Non-\u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9809-2921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harshad","family":"Lade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4668-3225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hwang-Soo","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Duksung Women\u2019s University, Seoul 01369, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6025-0341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul 05355, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"226","article-title":"On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. injluenzae","volume":"10","author":"Fleming","year":"1929","journal-title":"Br. 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