{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:40:20Z","timestamp":1790253620498,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MSD","award":["CP18\/00073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP18\/00073"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["CP18\/00073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP18\/00073"]}]},{"name":"European Development Regional Fund","award":["CP18\/00073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP18\/00073"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund (ESF)","award":["CP18\/00073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP18\/00073"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PSA) infection often occurs in immunocompromised patients, which also face an increased risk of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. A deeper knowledge of the risk factors for MDR-PSA infection in this patient population may help to choose appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy. Methods: a single-center case-control (1:2) retrospective study that included 48 patients with underlying immunosuppression developing MDR-PSA infection (cases) and 96 patients also immunocompromised that were infected with non-MDR-PSA (controls) was conducted. Both groups were matched by site of infection, clinical features and type of immunosuppression. Risk factors for MDR-PSA were assessed by logistic regression. Clinical outcomes were also compared between both groups. Results: immunosuppression was due to solid cancer in 63 (43.8%) patients, solid organ transplantation in 39 (27.1%), hematological disease in 35 (24.3%) and other causes in 7 (4.9%). Independent risk factors for MDR-PSA infection were diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR]: 4.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.63\u201313.79; p = 0.004), antibiotic therapy in the previous 3 months (OR: 5.32; 95% CI: 1.93\u201314.73; p = 0.001), previous MDR-PSA colonization (OR: 42.1; 95% CI: 4.49\u2013394.8; p = 0.001) and septic shock (OR: 3.73; 95% CI: 1.36\u201310.21; p = 0.010). MDR-PSA cases were less likely to receive adequate empirical therapy (14 [29.2%] vs. 69 [71.9%]; p &lt; 0.001). 30-day clinical improvement was less common in MDR-PSA cases (25 [52.1%] vs. 76 [79.2%]; p = 0.001). Conclusions: diabetes mellitus, previous MDR-PSA colonization, prior receipt of antibiotics and septic shock acted as risk factors for developing MDR-PSA infections in immunocompromised patients, who have a poorer outcome than those infected with non-MDR-PSA strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T20:43:50Z","timestamp":1666557830000},"page":"1459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Risk Factors and Outcomes for Multidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Immunocompromised Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4622-6278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-7529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"L\u00f3pez-Medrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0315-8001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Tiago","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Corbella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"San-Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Lizasoain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1393-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jazm\u00edn","family":"D\u00edaz-Rega\u00f1\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department, Merk Sharp & Dohme, 28027 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Viedma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9520-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Aguado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.04.015","article-title":"Risk factors for the isolation of multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"64","author":"Falagas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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