{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:11:42Z","timestamp":1793419902771,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bushehr University of Medical Sciences","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02y18ts25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotics, as pollutants of emerging concern, can enter marine environments, rivers, and lakes and endanger ecology and human health. The purpose of this study was to review the studies conducted on the presence of antibiotics in water, sediments, and organisms in aquatic environments (i.e., seas, rivers, and lakes). Most of the reviewed studies were conducted in 2018 (15%) and 2014 (11%). Antibiotics were reported in aqueous media at a concentration of &lt;1 ng\/L\u2013100 \u03bcg\/L. The results showed that the highest number of works were conducted in the Asian continent (seas: 74%, rivers: 78%, lakes: 87%, living organisms: 100%). The highest concentration of antibiotics in water and sea sediments, with a frequency of 49%, was related to fluoroquinolones. According to the results, the highest amounts of antibiotics in water and sediment were reported as 460 ng\/L and 406 ng\/g, respectively. In rivers, sulfonamides had the highest abundance (30%). Fluoroquinolones (with an abundance of 34%) had the highest concentration in lakes. Moreover, the highest concentration of fluoroquinolones in living organisms was reported at 68,000 ng\/g, with a frequency of 39%. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones are among the most dangerous antibiotics due to their high concentrations in the environment. This review provides timely information regarding the presence of antibiotics in different aquatic environments, which can be helpful for estimating ecological risks, contamination levels, and their management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]],"date-time":"2022-10-23T20:43:50Z","timestamp":1666557830000},"page":"1461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":255,"title":["Occurrence and Distribution of Antibiotics in the Water, Sediment, and Biota of Freshwater and Marine Environments: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Maghsodian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 7516913817, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Mohammad","family":"Sanati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 7516913817, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6129-8013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tebogo","family":"Mashifana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Zhejiang Rongsheng Environmental Protection Paper Co., Ltd., NO. 588 East Zhennan Road, Pinghu Economic Development Zone, Pinghu 314213, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India"},{"name":"International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyu","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Rongsheng Environmental Protection Paper Co., Ltd., NO. 588 East Zhennan Road, Pinghu Economic Development Zone, Pinghu 314213, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tan","family":"Nhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"},{"name":"School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahman","family":"Ramavandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr 7518759577, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.06.025","article-title":"Antibiotics in the aquatic environments: A review of the European scenario","volume":"94","author":"Carvalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. 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