{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:11:09Z","timestamp":1787314269849,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002836","name":"Chang Gung University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCRPD1L0221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCRPD1L0221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002836","name":"Chang Gung University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCRPD1K0131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCRPD1K0131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002836","name":"Chang Gung University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UZRPD1L0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UZRPD1L0011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DOXABIO-CGU, R.O.C.","award":["SCRPD1L0221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCRPD1L0221"]}]},{"name":"DOXABIO-CGU, R.O.C.","award":["SCRPD1K0131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCRPD1K0131"]}]},{"name":"DOXABIO-CGU, R.O.C.","award":["UZRPD1L0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UZRPD1L0011"]}]},{"name":"CGU project","award":["SCRPD1L0221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCRPD1L0221"]}]},{"name":"CGU project","award":["SCRPD1K0131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCRPD1K0131"]}]},{"name":"CGU project","award":["UZRPD1L0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UZRPD1L0011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century, they have been used to fight against infections. The overuse of antibiotics in the wider environment has resulted in the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. In developing countries such as China and developed countries such as the USA, there is evidence of the high pervasiveness of antibiotic-resistant infections. However, the studies on the spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms that inform about the consequences are limited. The aim of our study was to analyze and compare antimicrobial resistance (AMR) identified in published research papers from that found in different food sources, which were published between 2012 and December 2021, covering most retail food items. Out of 132 research papers identified, 26 papers have met our strict criteria and are included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The selected papers led to 13,018 food samples, out of which 5000 samples were contaminated, including 2276 and 2724 samples from China and the USA, respectively. Meat, aquatic products, milk, and eggs show high to medium potential for AMR exposure to Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus, Enterococci, etc. and Gram-negative foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter, Salmonella, Vibrio, etc. Most of the food samples show antibiotic resistance to \u03b2-lactams, tetracycline, quinolones, and aminoglycosides. Retail food products such as meat, sea food, and some other food products, as well as AMR genetics and technically important bacteria, are proposed to be better merged with mitigation strategies and systematic One Health AMR surveillance to minimize the knowledge gaps and facilitate comprehensive AMR risk computation for the consumers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T12:29:45Z","timestamp":1666700985000},"page":"1471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Systematic Surveillance and Meta-Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance and Food Sources from China and the USA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"family":"Himanshu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, P.S. Rai, Sonepat 131029, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7701-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"R. Prudencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Immunology, Institute Adolfo Lutz, S\u00e3o Paulo 01246-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5516-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Charlys","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3463-0492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elcio","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Diversidade Viral, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Belem 66075-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8484-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung-Ming","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master & Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5196-6468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramendra Pati","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Rajiv Gandhi Education City, P.S. Rai, Sonepat 131029, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215Y.0000000030","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon","volume":"109","author":"Prestinaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"173","article-title":"Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in microbial ecosystems through horizontal gene transfer","volume":"7","author":"Penders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varela, M.F., Stephen, J., Lekshmi, M., Ojha, M., Wenzel, N., Sanford, L.M., Hernandez, A.J., Parvathi, A., and Kumar, S.H. (2021). Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050593"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2001). WHO Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2022, May 25). EU Action on Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/antimicrobial-resistance\/eu-action-antimicrobial-resistance_en."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-016-0147-y","article-title":"A critical analysis of the review on antimicrobial resistance report and the infectious disease financing facility","volume":"12","author":"Brogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2022, May 25). Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations\u2014The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance Chaired By Jim O\u2019neill. Available online: https:\/\/wellcomecollection.org\/works\/thvwsuba."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"European Union (2022, May 25). Prohibits the Use of Antibiotics as Growth Promoters. Available online: https:\/\/www.cabi.org\/animalscience\/news\/15063."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"112","author":"Brower","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., Zhang, J., Zheng, B., Zhao, L., Li, S., and Li, L. (2013). Changes in Chinese Policies to Promote the Rational Use of Antibiotics. PLoS Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001556"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-9-48","article-title":"Restrictions on antimicrobial use in food animal production: An international regulatory and economic survey","volume":"9","author":"Maron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2022, May 25). Bulletin of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Available online: http:\/\/www.moa.gov.cn\/nybgb\/2021\/202112\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2022, May 25). The U.S. Government and Antimicrobial Resistance | Center for Strategic and International Studies. Available online: https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/us-government-and-antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"FARAD (2022, May 26). Compounding Guide for the Food Animal Veterinarian 1 Compounding Guide for the Food Animal Veterinarian. Available online: http:\/\/www.farad.org\/publications\/miscellaneous\/faradcompoundingguide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02104","article-title":"Highly prevalent multidrug-resistant Salmonella from chicken and pork meat at retail markets in Guangdong, China","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01670","article-title":"Food-Borne Vibrio parahaemolyticus in China: Prevalence, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Genetic Characterization","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01482","article-title":"Prevalence, serotype, antibiotic susceptibility, and genotype of Salmonella in eggs from poultry farms and marketplaces in Yangling, Shaanxi province, China","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.04.023","article-title":"Tracking Campylobacter contamination along a broiler chicken production chain from the farm level to retail in China","volume":"181","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fnv178","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnv178","article-title":"Prevalence and population analysis of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in aquatic products from South China markets","volume":"362","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107483","article-title":"Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and enterococci from food products at retail in Beijing, China","volume":"119","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1491","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from retail foods in northern Xinjiang, China","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.106915","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella isolated from raw vegetables in China","volume":"109","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01149","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular and antimicrobial characteristics of Cronobacter spp. Isolated from raw vegetables in China","volume":"9","author":"Ling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01123","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus cultured from raw milk taken from dairy cows with mastitis in Beijing, China","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fnz103","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnz103","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic diversity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from salmon in Chinese markets","volume":"366","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Cheng, J., Wu, Q., Zhang, J., and Xie, T. (2016). Prevalence, characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from retail aquatic products in North China. BMC Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0650-6"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108461","article-title":"Prevalence, virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from different types of food samples in China","volume":"317","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2266","article-title":"Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from retail meats in Anhui, China","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2001.01005","article-title":"Isolation, molecular characterization and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from aquatic products in the Southern Fujian Coast, China","volume":"30","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1749","article-title":"A National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System survey of antimicrobial-resistant foodborne bacteria isolated from retail veal in the United States","volume":"84","author":"Tate","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Med. Port."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.1074","article-title":"Incidence and antimicrobial resistance profiling of campylobacter in retail chicken livers and gizzards","volume":"9","author":"Noormohamed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1427","article-title":"Molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolated from animals and retail meat in North Dakota, United States","volume":"10","author":"Buyukcangaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/foods4020115","article-title":"Incidence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and toxin genes possession screening of Staphylococcus aureus in retail chicken livers and gizzards","volume":"4","author":"Abdalrahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03166-12","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from retail meat and humans in Georgia","volume":"51","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4020182","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus is more prevalent in retail beef livers than in pork and other beef cuts","volume":"4","author":"Abdalrahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6148","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120606148","article-title":"Isolation, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains from Oklahoma retail poultry meats","volume":"12","author":"Abdalrahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, C., Almuqati, R., Fatani, A., Rahemi, A., Kaseloo, P., Wynn, C., Nartea, T., Ndegwa, E., and Rutto, L. (2021). Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens in select fresh produce procured from farmers\u2019 markets in Central Virginia. J. Food Saf., 41.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12895"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.01.015","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in commercially available meat over a one-year period in Iowa, USA","volume":"65","author":"Thapaliya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0257-1","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospital food","volume":"6","author":"Gandomi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3470","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-12084","article-title":"Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characterization of Campylobacter spp. in bulk tank milk and milk filters from US dairies","volume":"100","author":"Karns","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"WHO\u2014World Health Organization (2018). Ranking of medically important antimicrobials for risk management of antimicrobial resistance due to non-human use. Critically Important Antimicrobials for Human Medicine, World Health Organization. [6th ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/Apps.Who.Int\/Iris\/Bitstream\/Handle\/10665\/312266\/9789241515528-Eng.Pdf?Ua=1."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2022, May 27). Transatlantic Taskforce on Antimicrobial Resistance (TATFAR) Report on Recommendation 18, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugresistance\/pdf\/tatfar-report---recommendation-18.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance (2022, May 27). A Systematic Review to Assess the Significance of the Food Chain in the Context of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) with Particular Reference to Pork and Poultry Meat, Dairy Products, Seafood and Fresh Produce on Retail Sale in the UK, Available online: https:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/document\/amr-systematic-review-final-report-2016_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-533","article-title":"Domestic Kitchen Microbiological Contamination and Self-Reported Food Hygiene Practices of Older Adult Consumers","volume":"82","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-354","article-title":"Prevalence of Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in Home Kitchens and Correlation with Unsafe Food Handling Practices and Conditions","volume":"80","author":"Borrusso","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101","article-title":"Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States\u2014Major Pathogens","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02256","article-title":"Enterotoxigenicity and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from retail food in China","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2022, May 27). Salmonella Homepage | CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00801","article-title":"Investigation of a Salmonellosis Outbreak Caused by Multidrug Resistant Salmonella typhimurium in China","volume":"11","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"(2022, May 27). Microbiological Guidelines for Food, Available online: https:\/\/www.cfs.gov.hk\/english\/food_leg\/files\/food_leg_Microbiological_Guidelines_for_Food_e.pdf."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/11\/1471\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:02:22Z","timestamp":1760144542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/11\/1471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics11111471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11111471","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]}}}