{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T07:22:52Z","timestamp":1780989772708,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["874735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["874735"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While the One Health issues of intensive animal farming are commonly discussed, keeping companion animals is less associated with the interspecies headway of antimicrobial resistance. With the constant advance in veterinary standards, antibiotics are regularly applied in companion animal medicine. Due to the close coexistence of dogs and humans, dog bites and other casual encounters with dog saliva (e.g., licking the owner) are common. According to our metagenome study, based on 26 new generation sequencing canine saliva datasets from 2020 and 2021 reposited in NCBI SRA by The 10,000 Dog Genome Consortium and the Broad Institute within Darwin\u2019s Ark project, canine saliva is rich in bacteria with predictably transferable antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). In the genome of potentially pathogenic Bacteroides, Capnocytophaga, Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium, Pasteurella, Porphyromonas, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species, which are some of the most relevant bacteria in dog bite infections, ARGs against aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, glycylcyclines, lincosamides, macrolides, oxazolidinone, penams, phenicols, pleuromutilins, streptogramins, sulfonamides and tetracyclines could be identified. Several ARGs, including ones against amoxicillin\u2013clavulanate, the most commonly applied antimicrobial agent for dog bites, were predicted to be potentially transferable based on their association with mobile genetic elements (e.g., plasmids, prophages and integrated mobile genetic elements). According to our findings, canine saliva may be a source of transfer for ARG-rich bacteria that can either colonize the human body or transport ARGs to the host bacteriota, and thus can be considered as a risk in the spread of antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T20:37:58Z","timestamp":1666903078000},"page":"1490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Canine Saliva as a Possible Source of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9291-9759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrienn Gr\u00e9ta","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imre","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Tecniques and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, Borsod-Aba\u00faj-Zempl\u00e9n County Hospital and University Teaching Hospital, 3526 Miskolc, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadett","family":"R\u00f3zsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Dubecz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1863-5971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1rp\u00e1d V.","family":"Patai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Gastroenterology Working Group, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tibor","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Surgery and Ophthalmology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1101-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sel\u00e7uk","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eszter Gabriella","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7273-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Makrai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1143 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1783-2041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Solymosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Phyisics of Complex Systems, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2021). 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