{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:44:31Z","timestamp":1790613871013,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dr. Johannes Scherer","award":["ADVANTIQX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ADVANTIQX"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Around 1\u20132% of all implantation surgeries lead to implant-related infections, incurring costs of $40,000\u2013$160,000 per total hip PJI. The 5-year mortality rate of prosthetic joint infections is up to 21%. To prevent infections during surgery, sterile surgery rooms and procedures have been developed and certified standards have been established. To guarantee the sterility, implants can be acquired already sterile from manufacturers. Some titanium implants can be delivered unsterilized with a manual for sterilization procedure in compliance with ISO 17664. The aim of this study is to evaluate if the most used sterilization methods (steam sterilization in an autoclave and UV light sterilization) of titanium alloys, can influence the biofilm forming capacity of Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, we examined the influence of sterilization methods on the gene expression of biofilm-associated genes and regulators. Methods: We compared gene expression of icaADBC, SarA, SigB, and SodA on titanium CP4 and Ti6Al4V alloys sterilized by UV-light and pressurized saturated steam sterilization. We performed RT-qPCR after RNA extraction of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213. In addition, bacterial cell growth on the sterilized titanium surfaces was examined by colony forming unit counting on agar plates after 24 h of incubation. Results: Colony forming units of S. aureus on titanium CP4 samples showed a higher tendency in colony counts when sterilized with UV light than with pressurized saturated steam (autoclaved). Similarly, colony forming unit counts on Ti6Al4V samples showed tendencies of higher numbers on UV light sterilized samples than on autoclaved samples. Gene expression of icaADBC, SarA and SodA between steamed samples and UV light sterilized samples showed no difference on titanium CP4 samples, whereas SigB showed higher gene expression on titanium CP4 samples when sterilized with UV light than in an autoclave. On autoclaved Ti6Al4V samples, all examined genes showed 4 to 9 times higher fold changes in gene expression than on UV light sterilized samples. Conclusions: This study indicates that steam sterilization of Ti6Al4V can increase biofilm formation of S. aureus on its surface. The significantly increased gene expression of biofilm responsible genes may indicate a modification of titanium surfaces on alloy components. This may promote biofilm formation that can lead to implant-infections in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T03:31:10Z","timestamp":1668742270000},"page":"1647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sterilization Procedures for Titanium Alloy Surfaces Leads to Higher Expression of Biofilm-Related Staphylococcus aureus Genes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0018-524X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Spiegel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory for Biofilms and Implant Associated Infections (BIOFILM LAB), University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, M\u00fcllerstrasse 44, Room 1.30a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Nogler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory for Biofilms and Implant Associated Infections (BIOFILM LAB), University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, M\u00fcllerstrasse 44, Room 1.30a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7664-5989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9bora C.","family":"Cora\u00e7a-Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory for Biofilms and Implant Associated Infections (BIOFILM LAB), University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, M\u00fcllerstrasse 44, Room 1.30a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Biology of implant osseointegration","volume":"9","author":"Mavrogenis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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