{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:15:45Z","timestamp":1793121345441,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]],"date-time":"2022-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has redemonstrated the importance of the fungal-after-viral phenomenon, and the question of whether prophylaxis should be used to prevent COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). A distinct pathophysiology from invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), CAPA has an incidence that ranges from 5% to 30%, with significant mortality. The aim of this work was to describe the current diagnostic landscape of CAPA and review the existing literature on antifungal prophylaxis. A variety of definitions for CAPA have been described in the literature and the performance of the diagnostic tests for CAPA is limited, making diagnosis a challenge. There are only six studies that have investigated antifungal prophylaxis for CAPA. The two studied drugs have been posaconazole, either a liquid formulation via an oral gastric tube or an intravenous formulation, and inhaled amphotericin. While some studies have revealed promising results, they are limited by small sample sizes and bias inherent to retrospective studies. Additionally, as the COVID-19 pandemic changes and we see fewer intubated and critically ill patients, it will be more important to recognize these fungal-after-viral complications among non-critically ill, immunocompromised patients. Randomized controlled trials are needed to better understand the role of antifungal prophylaxis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11121704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T03:28:49Z","timestamp":1669606129000},"page":"1704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Diagnosis and Antifungal Prophylaxis for COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Armani M.","family":"Hawes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0749-7342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitipong","family":"Permpalung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2021.102384","article-title":"Did Clostridioides difficile testing and infection rates change during the COVID-19 pandemic?","volume":"70","author":"Hawes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa272","article-title":"Clinical features of 69 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.10.021","article-title":"Secondary infections in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: Incidence and predictive factors","volume":"27","author":"Ripa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03753-9","article-title":"Antifungal prophylaxis for prevention of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients: An observational study","volume":"25","author":"Hatzl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13434","article-title":"COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA): Risk factors and development of a predictive score for critically ill COVID-19 patients","volume":"65","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30847-1","article-title":"Defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: The 2020 ECMM\/ISHAM consensus criteria for research and clinical guidance","volume":"21","author":"Koehler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00060-8","article-title":"Diagnostic dilemma in COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"21","author":"Permpalung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"83","article-title":"COVID-19 Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Mechanically Ventilated Patients","volume":"74","author":"Chiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab510","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab510","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019\u2013Associated Invasive Fungal Infection","volume":"8","author":"Baddley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3606","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1065","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis among intubated patients with COVID-19: A prospective study","volume":"73","author":"Bartoletti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.202896","article-title":"Aspergillosis complicating severe coronavirus disease","volume":"27","author":"Marr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.010","article-title":"Incidence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis among critically ill COVID-19 patients","volume":"26","author":"Lamoth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1634","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1298","article-title":"A national strategy to diagnose COVID-19 associated invasive fungal disease in the ICU","volume":"73","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reizine, F., Pinceaux, K., Lederlin, M., Autier, B., Guegan, H., Gacouin, A., Luque-Paz, D., Boglione-Kerrien, C., Bacle, A., and Le Dare, B. (2021). Influenza-and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: Are the pictures different?. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-331976\/v1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa007","article-title":"High rates of influenza-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis may not be universal: A retrospective cohort study from Alberta, Canada","volume":"71","author":"Schwartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30274-1","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe influenza: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Schauwvlieghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2673-2","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a frequent complication of critically ill H1N1 patients: A retrospective study","volume":"38","author":"Wauters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"424","article-title":"Modifications of lung clearance mechanisms by acute influenza A infection","volume":"106","author":"Levandowski","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"00259-4","article-title":"Lung epithelial and myeloid innate immunity in influenza-associated or COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: An observational study","volume":"22","author":"Feys","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00140-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00140-18","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis in 2019","volume":"33","author":"Chamilos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00472","article-title":"Interactions of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia with airway epithelial cells: A critical review","volume":"7","author":"Croft","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.04.006","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with viral pneumonitis","volume":"62","author":"Dewi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e445","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa954","article-title":"Tocilizumab for treatment of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19","volume":"73","author":"Somers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-03902-8","article-title":"Corticosteroids as risk factor for COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in intensive care patients","volume":"26","author":"Leistner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1086\/588660","article-title":"Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European organization for research and treatment of cancer\/invasive fungal infections cooperative group and the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases mycoses study group (EORTC\/MSG) consensus group","volume":"46","author":"Walsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06449-4","article-title":"Taskforce report on the diagnosis and clinical management of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"47","author":"Verweij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1631","article-title":"Navigating the Uncertainties of COVID-19\u2013Associated Aspergillosis: A Comparison With Influenza-Associated Aspergillosis","volume":"224","author":"Lamoth","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1008","article-title":"Revision and update of the consensus definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium","volume":"71","author":"Donnelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-1978OC","article-title":"A clinical algorithm to diagnose invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients","volume":"186","author":"Blot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06091-6","article-title":"Review of influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in ICU patients and proposal for a case definition: An expert opinion","volume":"46","author":"Verweij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2022.101290","article-title":"Aspergillus detection in airways of ICU COVID-19 patients: To treat or not to treat?","volume":"32","author":"Bounhiol","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1086\/518852","article-title":"Invasive aspergillosis in the intensive care unit","volume":"45","author":"Meersseman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201906-1185ST","article-title":"Microbiological laboratory testing in the diagnosis of fungal infections in pulmonary and critical care practice. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"200","author":"Hage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egger, M., Bussini, L., Hoenigl, M., and Bartoletti, M. (2022). Prevalence of COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Critical Review and Conclusions. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8040390"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"CD009551","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction blood tests for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised people","volume":"9","author":"Cruciani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"86","article-title":"Molecular detection of Aspergillus in sputum of patients with lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Basic Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01877","article-title":"Aspergillus PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis and prognosis of aspergillosis in patients with hematological and non-hematological conditions","volume":"9","author":"Imbert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2711.211174","article-title":"Multinational Observational Cohort Study of COVID-19\u2013Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis","volume":"27","author":"Janssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1737","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1281","article-title":"Performance of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid aspergillus galactomannan lateral flow assay with cube reader for diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: A multicenter cohort study","volume":"73","author":"Jenks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-020-00409-z","article-title":"The aspergillus lateral flow assay for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: An update","volume":"14","author":"Jenks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal Infect. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03367-7","article-title":"Point of care aspergillus testing in intensive care patients","volume":"24","author":"Mercier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01689-21","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01689-21","article-title":"Aspergillus lateral flow assay with digital reader for the diagnosis of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA): A multicenter study","volume":"60","author":"Autier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06423-11","article-title":"Detection of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: Analytical and clinical validity","volume":"50","author":"Theunissen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.03.025","article-title":"A prospective study of fungal biomarkers to improve management of invasive fungal diseases in a mixed specialty critical care unit","volume":"40","author":"Talento","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01373-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01373-22","article-title":"Utility of Serum 1, 3-\u03b2-d-Glucan Testing for Diagnosis and Prognostication in COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis","volume":"10","author":"Egger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.10.3223-3228.1999","article-title":"Autopsy-controlled prospective evaluation of serial screening for circulating galactomannan by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hematological patients at risk for invasive aspergillosis","volume":"37","author":"Maertens","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06471-6","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 associated pulmonary apergillosis in critically ill patients: Results from a European confederation of medical mycology registry","volume":"47","author":"Prattes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myv034","article-title":"Effects of host response and antifungal therapy on serum and BAL levels of galactomannan and (1 \u2192 3)-\u03b2-D-glucan in experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"53","author":"Petraitiene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13518","article-title":"Comparative analysis of Galactomannan Lateral Flow Assay, Galactomannan Enzyme Immunoassay and BAL culture for Diagnosis of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"65","author":"Ghazanfari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10610","article-title":"Antifungal prophylaxis for severely neutropenic chemotherapy recipients: A meta-analysis of randomized-controlled clinical trials","volume":"94","author":"Bow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15588","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for antifungal prophylaxis in haematological malignancy and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation, 2021","volume":"51","author":"Teh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa061094","article-title":"Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia","volume":"356","author":"Cornely","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.002","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Aspergillus diseases: Executive summary of the 2017 ESCMID-ECMM-ERS guideline","volume":"24","author":"Ullmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00283-22","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00283-22","article-title":"Safety of Inhaled Amphotericin B Lipid Complex as Antifungal Prophylaxis in Lung Transplant Recipients","volume":"66","author":"Huggins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12679","article-title":"10 years of prophylaxis with nebulized liposomal amphotericin B and the changing epidemiology of Aspergillus spp. infection in lung transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Peghin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2009.11.603","article-title":"Feasibility, tolerability, and outcomes of nebulized liposomal amphotericin B for Aspergillus infection prevention in lung transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Monforte","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2008.09.020","article-title":"Efficiency and safety of inhaled amphotericin B lipid complex (Abelcet) in the prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections following lung transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Borro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2007.00209.x","article-title":"Safety of aerosolized liposomal versus deoxycholate amphotericin B formulations for prevention of invasive fungal infections following lung transplantation: A retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Lowry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178636119869937","DOI":"10.1177\/1178636119869937","article-title":"Inhaled amphotericin B as aspergillosis prophylaxis in hematologic disease: An update","volume":"12","author":"Duckwall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Insights"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2006.01529.x","article-title":"Aerosol deposition of lipid complex amphotericin-B (Abelcet) in lung transplant recipients","volume":"6","author":"Corcoran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06431-0","article-title":"Posaconazole for prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill influenza patients (POSA-FLU): A randomised, open-label, proof-of-concept trial","volume":"47","author":"Vanderbeke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13446","article-title":"Exposure to intravenous posaconazole in critically ill patients with influenza: A pharmacokinetic analysis of the POSA-FLU study","volume":"65","author":"Wauters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000594","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: Ready for prime-time?","volume":"32","author":"Clancy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki491","article-title":"Antifungal agents for preventing fungal infections in non-neutropenic critically ill and surgical patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"57","author":"Playford","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000178352.14703.49","article-title":"Fluconazole prophylaxis in critically ill surgical patients: A meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Shorr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199906000-00019","article-title":"Fluconazole prophylaxis prevents intra-abdominal candidiasis in high-risk surgical patients","volume":"27","author":"Eggimann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1540-y","article-title":"Prevention of severe Candida infections in nonneutropenic, high-risk, critically ill patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients treated by selective digestive decontamination","volume":"28","author":"Garbino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200104000-00010","article-title":"Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent candidal infections in critically ill surgical patients","volume":"233","author":"Pelz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13518","article-title":"Suboptimal plasma concentrations with posaconazole suspension as prophylaxis in critically ill COVID-19 patients at risk of Covid-associated pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"47","author":"Mian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00686-4","article-title":"COVID-19-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"10","author":"Rutsaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06603-y","article-title":"Inhaled amphotericin B lipid complex for prophylaxis against COVID-19-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"48","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0696","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000000696","article-title":"Nebulized Amphotericin B in Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients to Prevent Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"4","author":"Melchers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care Explor."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03728-w","article-title":"Inhaled liposomal amphotericin-B as a prophylactic treatment for COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis\/aspergillus tracheobronchitis","volume":"25","author":"Rutsaert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00138-7","article-title":"COVID-19-associated Aspergillus tracheobronchitis: The interplay between viral tropism, host defence, and fungal invasion","volume":"9","author":"Vos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13135","article-title":"COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) in patients admitted with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: An observational study from Pakistan","volume":"63","author":"Nasir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2021.04.012","article-title":"Incidence, diagnosis and outcomes of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA): A systematic review","volume":"113","author":"Chong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13292","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Mitaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-021-00486-8","article-title":"Epidemiology and incidence of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) in a Greek tertiary care academic reference hospital","volume":"10","author":"Paramythiotou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2015.08.001","article-title":"International expert opinion on the management of infection caused by azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"21","author":"Verweij","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14953","article-title":"Challenge in treating COVID-19 associate pulmonary aspergillosis: Supratherapeutic voriconazole levels","volume":"88","author":"Ekinci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003839","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on lung allograft and clinical outcomes in lung transplant recipients: A case-control study","volume":"105","author":"Permpalung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplantation"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/12\/1704\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:27:12Z","timestamp":1760146032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/12\/1704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics11121704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11121704","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]}}}