{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:39:27Z","timestamp":1792611567721,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial resistance to antibiotics continues to be a global public health problem. The choice of the most effective antibiotic and the use of an adapted dose in the initial phase of the infection are essential to limit the emergence of resistance. This will depend on (i) the isolated bacteria and its resistance profile, (ii) the pharmacodynamic (PD) profile of the antibiotic used and its level of toxicity, (iii) the site of infection, and (iv) the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of the patient. In order to take account of both parameters to optimize the administered treatment, a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination associated with therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and their combined interpretation are required. The objective of this narrative review is thus to suggest microbiological, pharmacological, and\/or clinical situations for which this approach could be useful. Regarding the microbiological aspect, such as the detection of antibiotic resistance and its level, the preservation of broad-spectrum \u03b2-lactams is particularly discussed. PK-PD profiles are relevant for difficult-to-reach infections and specific populations such as intensive care patients, cystic fibrosis patients, obese, or elderly patients. Finally, MIC and TDM are tools available to clinicians, who should not hesitate to use them to manage their patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11121748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T02:56:26Z","timestamp":1670208986000},"page":"1748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["When and How to Use MIC in Clinical Practice?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Magr\u00e9ault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Seine Saint-Denis, F-93140 Bondy, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm, IAME, F-93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Jaur\u00e9guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm, IAME, F-93000 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Seine Saint-Denis, 93009 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4354-5900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etienne","family":"Carbonnelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm, IAME, F-93000 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Seine Saint-Denis, 93009 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Ralph","family":"Zahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord and Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm, IAME, F-93000 Bobigny, France"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Seine Saint-Denis, 93009 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw282","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: The Impact and Evolution of a Global Menace","volume":"215","author":"Logan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2020.05.001","article-title":"Resistance to Novel \u03b2-Lactam\u2013\u03b2-Lactamase Inhibitor Combinations","volume":"34","author":"Mack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karakonstantis, S., Rousaki, M., and Kritsotakis, E.I. (2022). Cefiderocol: Systematic Review of Mechanisms of Resistance, Heteroresistance and In Vivo Emergence of Resistance. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060723"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1998). Methods for the Determination of Susceptibility of Bacteria to Antimicrobial Agents. Terminology. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 4, 291\u2013296.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00061.x"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06050-1","article-title":"Antimicrobial Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Critically Ill Adult Patients: A Position Paper","volume":"46","author":"Alffenaar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2378-9","article-title":"Optimization of the Treatment with Beta-Lactam Antibiotics in Critically Ill Patients\u2014Guidelines from the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Pharmacologie et Th\u00e9rapeutique\u2014SFPT) and the French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise d\u2019Anesth\u00e9sie et R\u00e9animation\u2014SFAR)","volume":"23","author":"Guilhaumou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"892","article-title":"Key Challenges in Providing Effective Antibiotic Therapy for Critically Ill Patients with Bacterial Sepsis and Septic Shock","volume":"109","author":"Landersdorfer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00820-22","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00820-22","article-title":"Penicillin- and Cephalosporin-Resistant Pneumococcal Meningitis: Treatment in the Real World and in Guidelines","volume":"66","author":"Cabellos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.03.002","article-title":"Be Careful about MICs to Amoxicillin for Patients with Streptococci-Related Infective Endocarditis","volume":"53","author":"Pilmis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalska-Krochmal, B., and Dudek-Wicher, R. (2021). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Antibiotics: Methods, Interpretation, Clinical Relevance. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020165"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"CA-SFM\/EUCAST (2022). Comit\u00e9 de L\u2019antibiogramme de La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Microbiologie Recommandations 2022, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Microbiologie. V.1.0 Mai 2022."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"CA-SFM\/EUCAST (2022). Haemophilus Spp.. Comit\u00e9 de L\u2019antibiogramme de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Microbiologie, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Microbiologie. V.1.0 Mai 2022."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.6.2244-2250.2004","article-title":"Complete Sequences of Six Penicillin-Binding Protein Genes from 40 Streptococcus Pneumoniae Clinical Isolates Collected in Japan","volume":"48","author":"Sanbongi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.2","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of \u03b2-Lactam Resistance in Streptococcus Pneumoniae","volume":"7","author":"Hakenbeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.6.1693-1699.2001","article-title":"Association of Amino Acid Substitutions in Penicillin-Binding Protein 3 with Beta-Lactam Resistance in Beta-Lactamase-Negative Ampicillin-Resistant Haemophilus Influenzae","volume":"45","author":"Ubukata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s101560200006","article-title":"Differentiation of Beta-Lactamase-Negative Ampicillin-Resistant Haemophilus Influenzae from Other H. Influenzae Strains by a Disc Method","volume":"8","author":"Ubukata","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect Chemother"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32830f453a","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal Salmonellae","volume":"21","author":"Parry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1086\/375602","article-title":"Reevaluating Fluoroquinolone Breakpoints for Salmonella Enterica Serotype Typhi and for Non-Typhi Salmonellae","volume":"37","author":"Crump","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00456-09","article-title":"Evaluation of Quinolones for Use in Detection of Determinants of Acquired Quinolone Resistance, Including the New Transmissible Resistance Mechanisms QnrA, QnrB, QnrS and Aac (6\u2032) Ib-Cr, in Escherichia Coli and Salmonella Enterica and Determinations of Wild-Type Distributions","volume":"47","author":"Cavaco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200443130-00005","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of Vancomycin and Other Antimicrobials in Patients with Staphylococcus Aureus Lower Respiratory Tract Infections","volume":"43","author":"Forrest","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/zxaa036","article-title":"Therapeutic Monitoring of Vancomycin for Serious Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infections: A Revised Consensus Guideline and Review by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists","volume":"77","author":"Rybak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir124","article-title":"Impact of Vancomycin Exposure on Outcomes in Patients With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia: Support for Consensus Guidelines Suggested Targets","volume":"52","author":"Kullar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhand, A., and Sakoulas, G. (2012). Reduced Vancomycin Susceptibility among Clinical Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates (\u2018the MIC Creep\u2019): Implications for Therapy. F1000 Med. Rep., 4.","DOI":"10.3410\/M4-4"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"CASFM\/EUCAST (2022). Staphylococcus Spp.. Comit\u00e9 de L\u2019antibiogramme de La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Microbiologie Recommandations 2022, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Microbiologie. V.1.0 Mai 2022."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.9.1.23","article-title":"Carbapenems: A Potent Class of Antibiotics","volume":"9","author":"Nicolau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005","article-title":"Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases: A Clinical Update","volume":"18","author":"Paterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01823-12","article-title":"Emergence of Imipenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli in Intestinal Flora of Intensive Care Patients","volume":"57","author":"Angebault","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5131","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00607-13","article-title":"Correlations of Antibiotic Use and Carbapenem Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"57","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"CA-SFM\/EUCAST (2022). Enterobacterales. Comit\u00e9 de L\u2019antibiogramme de La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Microbiologie Recommandations 2022, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Microbiologie. V.1.0 Mai 2022."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01864.x","article-title":"Antibiotic Policy and Prescribing Strategies for Therapy of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: The Role of Piperacillin\u2013Tazobactam","volume":"14","author":"Peterson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karaiskos, I., and Giamarellou, H. (2020). Carbapenem-Sparing Strategies for ESBL Producers: When and How. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020061"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir793","article-title":"Can We Really Use SS-Lactam\/\u00df-Lactam Inhibitor Combinations for the Treatment of Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum \u00df-Lactamase-Producing Bacteria?","volume":"54","author":"Perez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir790","article-title":"The Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases-Red Espanola de Investigacion en Patologia Infecciosa\/Grupo de Estudio de Infeccion Hospitalaria Group -Lactam\/ -Lactam Inhibitor Combinations for the Treatment of Bacteremia Due to Extended-Spectrum -Lactamase-Producing Escherichia Coli: A Post Hoc Analysis of Prospective Cohorts","volume":"54","author":"Navarro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00135-13","article-title":"The ESBL-REIPI\/GEIH Group Impact of the MIC of Piperacillin-Tazobactam on the Outcome of Patients with Bacteremia Due to Extended-Spectrum-\u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia Coli","volume":"57","author":"Retamar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01265.x","article-title":"Treatment of Infections with ESBL-Producing Organisms: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations","volume":"11","author":"Andes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.025","article-title":"European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Guidelines for the Treatment of Infections Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli (Endorsed by European Society of Intensive Care Medicine)","volume":"28","author":"Paul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51711-x","article-title":"Monotherapy versus Combination Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schmid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1989","article-title":"Ceftazidime-Avibactam for the Treatment of Serious Gram-Negative Infections with Limited Treatment Options: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"10","author":"Soriano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00010-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00010-19","article-title":"Aztreonam plus Clavulanate, Tazobactam, or Avibactam for Treatment of Infections Caused by Metallo-\u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"63","author":"Emeraud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00079-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00079-17","article-title":"Treatment of Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-, AmpC-, and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"31","author":"Machuca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1586\/17512433.2016.1172209","article-title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Anti-Infective Agents in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"9","author":"Jager","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/516284","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic\/Pharmacodynamic Parameters: Rationale for Antibacterial Dosing of Mice and Men","volume":"26","author":"Craig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki079","article-title":"Standardization of Pharmacokinetic\/Pharmacodynamic (PK\/PD) Terminology for Anti-Infective Drugs: An Update","volume":"55","author":"Mouton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4360","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01595-08","article-title":"High Cefepime Plasma Concentrations and Neurological Toxicity in Febrile Neutropenic Patients with Mild Impairment of Renal Function","volume":"54","author":"Lamoth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.01.005","article-title":"Cefepime Plasma Concentrations and Clinical Toxicity: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"23","author":"Huwyler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx209","article-title":"Too Much of a Good Thing: A Retrospective Study of \u03b2-Lactam Concentration-Toxicity Relationships","volume":"72","author":"Imani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00654-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00654-17","article-title":"Neurotoxic Concentration of Piperacillin during Continuous Infusion in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"61","author":"Quinton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.5.1073","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of Intravenous Ciprofloxacin in Seriously Ill Patients","volume":"37","author":"Forrest","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.2.125","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of Levofloxacin: A New Paradigm for Early Clinical Trials","volume":"279","author":"Preston","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.1.93","article-title":"Clinical Response to Aminoglycoside Therapy: Importance of the Ratio of Peak Concentration to Minimal Inhibitory Concentration","volume":"155","author":"Moore","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1086\/514620","article-title":"The Pharmacodynamics of Aminoglycosides","volume":"27","author":"Lacy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R165","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12844","article-title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Amikacin in Septic Patients","volume":"17","author":"Duszynska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1504300507","article-title":"Factors Associated with Vancomycin Nephrotoxicity in the Critically Ill","volume":"43","author":"Hanrahan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn080","article-title":"Risk Factors for Nephrotoxicity Associated with Continuous Vancomycin Infusion in Outpatient Parenteral Antibiotic Therapy","volume":"62","author":"Ingram","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200342150-00007","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacodynamics of Linezolid in Seriously Ill Patients Treated in a Compassionate Use Programme","volume":"42","author":"Rayner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-020-00968-x","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Daptomycin","volume":"60","author":"Gregoire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sorl\u00ed, L., Luque, S., Grau, S., Berenguer, N., Segura, C., Montero, M.M., Alvarez-Lerma, F., Knobel, H., Benito, N., and Horcajada, J.P. (2013). Trough Colistin Plasma Level Is an Independent Risk Factor for Nephrotoxicity: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. BMC Infect. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-380"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabah, A., Lipman, J., Barbier, F., Buetti, N., and Timsit, J.-F. (2022). on behalf of the ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Critically Ill Patients\u2014ESGCIP. Use of Antimicrobials for Bloodstream Infections in the Intensive Care Unit, a Clinically Oriented Review. Antibiot, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11030362"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt300","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Extended-Infusion Piperacillin\/Tazobactam in Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis-Related Acute Pulmonary Exacerbations","volume":"69","author":"Butterfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.09.027","article-title":"Piperacillin\/Tazobactam as an Alternative Antibiotic Therapy to Carbapenems in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections Due to Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: An in Silico Pharmacokinetic Study","volume":"49","author":"Tomini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0043822","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00438-22","article-title":"Meropenem Population Pharmacokinetics and Simulations in Plasma, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Tissue","volume":"66","author":"Alshaer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac209","article-title":"Ceftriaxone Dosing Based on the Predicted Probability of Augmented Renal Clearance in Critically Ill Patients with Pneumonia","volume":"77","author":"Dreesen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-022-01118-1","article-title":"Using a Validated Population Pharmacokinetic Model for Dosing Recommendations of Continuous Infusion Piperacillin for Critically Ill Adult Patients","volume":"61","author":"Guilhaumou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112053","article-title":"Development of a Dosing-Adjustment Tool for Fluoroquinolones in Osteoarticular Infections: The Fluo-Pop Study","volume":"142","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-022-01143-0","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin in Various Patient Populations and Consequences for Optimal Dosing for Gram-Negative Infections: An Updated Review","volume":"61","author":"Hodiamont","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2209","article-title":"International Consensus Guidelines for the Optimal Use of the Polymyxins: Endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society for Anti-Infective Pharmacology (ISAP), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP)","volume":"39","author":"Tsuji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu027","article-title":"DALI: Defining Antibiotic Levels in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Are Current \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotic Doses Sufficient for Critically Ill Patients?","volume":"58","author":"Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-018-0636-7","article-title":"Augmented Renal Clearance in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review","volume":"57","author":"Barrasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.12.015","article-title":"Population Pharmacokinetics of Continuous Infusion of Piperacillin in Critically Ill Patients","volume":"51","author":"Dhaese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finazzi, S., Luci, G., Olivieri, C., Langer, M., Mandelli, G., Corona, A., Viaggi, B., and Di Paolo, A. (2022). Tissue Penetration of Antimicrobials in Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Systematic Review-Part I. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091164"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viaggi, B., Cangialosi, A., Langer, M., Olivieri, C., Gori, A., Corona, A., Finazzi, S., and Di Paolo, A. (2022). Tissue Penetration of Antimicrobials in Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Systematic Review-Part II. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11091193"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn522","article-title":"Plasma and Peritoneal Concentration Following Continuous Infusion of Cefotaxime in Patients with Secondary Peritonitis","volume":"63","author":"Seguin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferry, T., Desmarchelier, R., Magr\u00e9ault, S., and Valour, F. (2017). Lyon BJI Study group Gentamicin-Vancomycin-Colistin Local Antibiotherapy in a Cement Spacer in a 54-Year-Old Haemophilic Patient with Relapsing Plurimicrobial Severe Prosthetic Joint Infection. BMJ Case Rep., 2017.","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-221743"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R126","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9091","article-title":"Insufficient \u03b2-Lactam Concentrations in the Early Phase of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock","volume":"14","author":"Taccone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2022.2056012","article-title":"Ensuring Target Concentrations of Antibiotics in Critically Ill Patients through Dose Adjustment","volume":"18","author":"Gorham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3276-x","article-title":"Predictors of Insufficient Amikacin Peak Concentration in Critically Ill Patients Receiving a 25 Mg\/Kg Total Body Weight Regimen","volume":"40","author":"Bouadma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamma, P.D., Putcha, N., Suh, Y.D., Van Arendonk, K.J., and Rinke, M.L. (2011). Does Prolonged \u03b2-Lactam Infusions Improve Clinical Outcomes Compared to Intermittent Infusions? A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized, Controlled Trials. BMC Infect. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-181"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106158","article-title":"Use of Continuous-Infusion Ceftolozane\/Tazobactam for Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections: A Retrospective Analysis and Brief Review of the Literature","volume":"56","author":"Sheffield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-007-6211-z","article-title":"Treatment of Meningitis Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus with Linezolid","volume":"35","author":"Kessler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14102","article-title":"Meningitis in Adults: Diagnosis and Management","volume":"48","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2010.4.2.136","article-title":"Postoperative Meningitis in Patients with Cervical Cord Tumor: A Case Report","volume":"4","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100755","article-title":"Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) Meningitis: A Narrative Review of the Literature from 2000 to 2020","volume":"37","author":"Azimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-022-04475-8","article-title":"Impact of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antibiotics in the Management of Infective Endocarditis","volume":"41","author":"Macheda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2020.126","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Retroperitoneal Infection","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Infect."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000939","article-title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antibiotics in the Elderly: A Narrative Review","volume":"44","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2021.1836157","article-title":"The Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics in Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Akkerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.30.12.1252","article-title":"Suboptimal Ciprofloxacin Dosing as a Potential Cause of Decreased Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Susceptibility in Children with Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"30","author":"Guillot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2022.106603","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Time above the MIC Exposure of Cefepime in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)","volume":"60","author":"Kois","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02134-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02134-18","article-title":"Are Standard Dosing Regimens of Ceftriaxone Adapted for Critically Ill Patients with Augmented Creatinine Clearance?","volume":"63","author":"Ollivier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-022-01059-9","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, Efficacy and Tolerance of Cefoxitin in the Treatment of Cefoxitin-Susceptible Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Enterobacterales Infections in Critically Ill Patients: A Retrospective Single-Center Study","volume":"12","author":"Chabert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zha, L., Li, X., Ren, Z., Zhang, D., Zou, Y., Pan, L., Li, S., Chen, S., and Tefsen, B. (2022). Pragmatic Comparison of Piperacillin\/Tazobactam versus Carbapenems in Treating Patients with Nosocomial Pneumonia Caused by Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101384"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3842","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1479","article-title":"Association Between Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Beta-Lactamase Genes and Mortality for Patients Treated With Piperacillin\/Tazobactam or Meropenem From the MERINO Study","volume":"73","author":"Henderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.120619","article-title":"A Review of Bioanalytical Methods for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics in Critically Ill Patients: Evaluation of the Approaches Used to Develop and Validate Quality Attributes","volume":"210","author":"Caro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mortensen, J.S., Jensen, B.P., and Doogue, M. (2022). Pre-Analytical Stability of Flucloxacillin, Piperacillin, Tazobactam, Meropenem, Cefalexin, Cefazolin, and Ceftazidime in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: A Structured Review. Drug Monit.","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000975"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2008.09.019","article-title":"Validated High Performance Liquid Chromatography-UV Detection Method for the Determination of Daptomycin in Human Plasma","volume":"875","author":"Kielstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2020.122397","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Simple LC-MS\/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Prothionamide, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol in Human Plasma","volume":"1158","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.03.041","article-title":"Precision Dosing Software to Optimize Antimicrobial Dosing: A Systematic Search and Follow-up Survey of Available Programs","volume":"28","author":"Jager","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14066","article-title":"An Evaluation of the User-Friendliness of Bayesian Forecasting Programs in a Clinical Setting","volume":"85","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2505","article-title":"A Guide to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics","volume":"41","author":"Fratoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0087","article-title":"Initiation of Inappropriate Antimicrobial Therapy Results in a Fivefold Reduction of Survival in Human Septic Shock","volume":"136","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gajic, I., Kabic, J., Kekic, D., Jovicevic, M., Milenkovic, M., Mitic Culafic, D., Trudic, A., Ranin, L., and Opavski, N. (2022). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: A Comprehensive Review of Currently Used Methods. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040427"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00098-22","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00098-22","article-title":"Performance of the Reveal Rapid Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing System on Gram-Negative Blood Cultures at a Large Urban Hospital","volume":"60","author":"Tibbetts","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz226","article-title":"Inoculum Effect of \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics","volume":"74","author":"Lenhard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/12\/1748\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:33:27Z","timestamp":1760146407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/11\/12\/1748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics11121748"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11121748","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]]}}}