{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T03:01:55Z","timestamp":1794279715867,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["2021R1C1C2004318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1C1C2004318"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["2021R1A2B5B03086637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2B5B03086637"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cocktails of antibiotics are utilized to study the functions of microbiota. There have been studies on the alteration of not only the microbiota composition but also the host\u2019s metabolism or immunity. However, the bacterial species associated with these altered physiologic markers are still unclear. Therefore, we supplied mice with drinking water containing ampicillin (AMP), vancomycin (VAN), neomycin (NEO), or metronidazole (MET) to observe the effect of each antibiotic on helper T cells and inflammation-related gene expression and metabolism, including amino acid metabolism and changes in gut microbiota. We observed major changes in gut microbiota in mice treated with AMP and VAN, respectively, immediately after administration. The abundance of the genera Parabacteroides and Akkermansia increased in the AMP and VAN groups, while Prevotella almost disappeared from both groups. The compositional changes in intestinal metabolites in the AMP and VAN groups were more distinct than those in the NEO and MET groups, which was similar to the microbiome results. In particular, the most distinct changes were observed in amino acid related metabolism in AMP and VAN groups; the amounts of phenylalanine and tyrosine were increased in the AMP group while those were decreased in the VAN group. The changed amounts of intestinal amino acids in each of the AMP and VAN groups were correlated with increases in the abundance of the genera Parabacteroides and Akkermansia in the AMP and VAN groups, respectively. The most distinctive changes in intestinal gene expression were observed in the ileum, especially the expression Th17-related genes such as rorgt, il17a, and il17f, which decreased dramatically in the guts of most of the antibiotic-treated groups. These changes were also associated with a significant decrease in Prevotella in both the AMP and VAN groups. Taken together, these findings indicate that changes in gut microbiota as well as host physiology, including host metabolism and immunity, differ depending on the types of antibiotics, and the antibiotic-induced gut microbiota alteration has a correlation with host physiology such as host metabolic or immunological status. Thus, the immune and metabolic status of the host should be taken into account when administering antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11121762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T02:18:48Z","timestamp":1670379528000},"page":"1762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Distinct Changes in Microbiota-Mediated Intestinal Metabolites and Immune Responses Induced by Different Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sunghyun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giljae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Bio-MAX\/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junsun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KoBioLabs, Inc., Seoul 13488, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyeongju","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyeon","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Ju","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"KoBioLabs, Inc., Seoul 13488, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GwangPyo","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Bio-MAX\/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"KoBioLabs, Inc., Seoul 13488, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2515","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota Shapes Intestinal Immune Responses during Health and Disease","volume":"9","author":"Round","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. 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