{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:53:57Z","timestamp":1793199237851,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC), the Federal Government of Brazil, and the National Council of Research and Development, the Ministry of Science, Technology (CNPq), and Innovation (MCTI)","award":["CAPES #88882.454432\/2019-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES #88882.454432\/2019-01"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC), the Federal Government of Brazil, and the National Council of Research and Development, the Ministry of Science, Technology (CNPq), and Innovation (MCTI)","award":["CNPq #401900\/2022-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq #401900\/2022-3"]}]},{"name":"Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC), the Federal Government of Brazil, and the National Council of Research and Development, the Ministry of Science, Technology (CNPq), and Innovation (MCTI)","award":["CNPq #305316\/2021-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq #305316\/2021-4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are natural or engineered peptide sequences with the intrinsic ability to internalize into a diversity of cell types and simultaneously transport hydrophilic molecules and nanomaterials, of which the cellular uptake is often limited. In addition to this primordial activity of cell penetration without membrane disruption, multivalent antimicrobial activity accompanies some CPPs. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with cell-penetrability exert their effect intracellularly, and they are of great interest. CPPs with antimicrobial activity (CPAPs) comprise a particular class of bioactive peptides that arise as promising agents against difficult-to-treat intracellular infections. This short review aims to present the antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antiviral effects of various cell-penetrating antimicrobial peptides currently documented. Examples include the antimicrobial effects of different CPAPs against bacteria that can propagate intracellularly, like Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Chlamydia trachomatis, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium sp., Listeria sp., Salmonella sp. among others. CPAPs with antiviral effects that interfere with the intracellular replication of HIV, hepatitis B, HPV, and herpes virus. Additionally, CPAPs with activity against protozoa of the genera Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium, the etiological agents of Leishmaniasis, Chagas\u2019 Disease, and Malaria, respectively. The information provided in this review emphasizes the potential of multivalent CPAPs, with anti-infective properties for application against various intracellular infections. So far, CPAPs bear a promise of druggability for the translational medical use of CPPs alone or in combination with chemotherapeutics. Moreover, CPAPs could be an exciting alternative for pharmaceutical design and treating intracellular infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11121772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T01:44:31Z","timestamp":1670463871000},"page":"1772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Cell-Penetrating Antimicrobial Peptides with Anti-Infective Activity against Intracellular Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Gabriela Silva","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60165-081, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariane Teixeira dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60165-081, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika Helena Salles de","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, University of International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony, Reden\u00e7\u00e3o 62790-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9210-092X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gandhi","family":"R\u00e1dis-Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Nursing, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60416-030, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60165-081, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4394-4","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia related to intracellular pathogens","volume":"42","author":"Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3281","article-title":"Nanomedicine as an emerging approach against intracellular pathogens","volume":"6","author":"Armstead","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. 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