{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T10:47:45Z","timestamp":1794048465831,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of La Rioja","award":["MCIN\/AEI \/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI \/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat that is spreading more and more in both human and animal niches. This study investigates the antimicrobial resistance and virulence threats of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from intestinal and fecal samples of 100 chickens, 60 turkeys, and 30 sparrows. Extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli isolates were recovered in 12 of the animals tested, selecting one isolate per positive animal: sparrow (eight isolates, 26.7%), turkey (three isolates, 5%), and chicken (one isolate, 1%). The E. coli isolates were ascribed to B1 and D phylogenetic groups. The blaCTX-M-14 gene was detected in all ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from sparrow. The blaCTX-M-15 (two isolates) and blaCTX-M-14 genes (one isolate) were detected in the isolates of turkey, and the blaCTX-M-1 gene in one isolate from broiler. Three lineages were revealed among the tested isolates (ST\/phylogenetic group\/type of ESBL\/origin): ST117\/D\/CTX-M-1\/broiler, ST4492 (CC405)\/D\/CTX-M-15\/turkey, and ST602\/B1\/CTX-M-14\/sparrow. All isolates were negative for stx1, sxt2, and eae virulence genes. Our findings provide evidence that the sparrow could be a vector in the dissemination of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates to other environments. This study also reports, to our knowledge, the first detection of blaCTX-M-14 from sparrow at a global level and in turkey in Algeria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11121814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T03:21:52Z","timestamp":1670988112000},"page":"1814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Extended Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli from Poultry and Wild Birds (Sparrow) in Djelfa (Algeria), with Frequent Detection of CTX-M-14 in Sparrow"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2426-3070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Belmahdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjebara Street, Djelfa 17000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5293-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia Safia","family":"Chenouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjebara Street, Djelfa 17000, Algeria"},{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory for Exploitation and Development of Steppe Ecosystems, FNLS, University of Djelfa, Moudjebara Street, Djelfa 17000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelkrim","family":"Ait Belkacem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjebara Street, Djelfa 17000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Martinez-Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7475-7765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Sergio","family":"Pino-Hurtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Benkhechiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjebara Street, Djelfa 17000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samiha","family":"Lahrech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjebara Street, Djelfa 17000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahc\u00e8ne","family":"Hakem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Exploitation and Development of Steppe Ecosystems, FNLS, University of Djelfa, Moudjebara Street, Djelfa 17000, Algeria"},{"name":"Center for Research in Agropastoralism, University of Djelfa, Moudjebara Street, Djelfa 17000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3709-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51034","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202051034","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and persistence-Implications for human health and treatment perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Huemer","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0503-9","article-title":"Defining and combating antibiotic resistance from One Health and Global Health perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Coque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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