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candidiasis\/candidosis is a common and recurrent opportunistic fungal infection. Fluconazole (FLZ), one of the most used and effective antifungal agents, has been associated with a rise of resistant Candida species in immunocompromised patients undergoing prophylactic therapy. Sulforaphane (SFN), a compound from cruciferous vegetables, is an antimicrobial with yet controversial activities and mechanisms on fungi. Herein, the in silico and antifungal activities of SFN against C. albicans were investigated. In silico analyzes for the prediction of the biological activities and oral bioavailability of SFN, its possible toxicity and pharmacokinetic parameters, as well as the estimates of its gastrointestinal absorption, permeability to the blood-brain barrier and skin, and similarities to drugs, were performed by using different software. SFN in vitro anti-Candida activities alone and in combination with fluconazole (FLZ) were determined by the broth microdilution method and the checkerboard, biofilm and hyphae formation tests. Amongst the identified probable biological activities of SFN, nine indicated an antimicrobial potential. SFN was predicted to be highly absorbable by the gastrointestinal tract, to present good oral availability, and not to be irritant and\/or hepatotoxic. SFN presented antifungal activity against C. albicans and prevented both biofilm and hyphae formation by this microorganism. SFN was additive\/synergistic to FLZ. Overall, the data highlights the anti-Candida activity of SFN and its potential to be used as an adjuvant therapy to FLZ in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11121842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T05:55:43Z","timestamp":1671429343000},"page":"1842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Sulforaphane Anti-Candida Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bruna L. R.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65085-040, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4180-668X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisele","family":"Sim\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade da Crian\u00e7a e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u No 333, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim No 1632, Curitiba 80240-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7723-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmem D. 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F.","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade CEUMA, Graduation Programme, Rua Josu\u00e9 Montello No 1, Renascen\u00e7a II, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65075-120, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel Viegas","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o, Av. dos Portugueses No 1966, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria Dom Delgado, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65085-040, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-510X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Maria-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade da Crian\u00e7a e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Igua\u00e7u No 333, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim No 1632, Curitiba 80240-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2506-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo M.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE, Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65085-040, MA, Brazil"},{"name":"Universidade CEUMA, Graduation Programme, Rua Josu\u00e9 Montello No 1, Renascen\u00e7a II, S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds 65075-120, MA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4721-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1via C. 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Igua\u00e7u No 333, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Av. Silva Jardim No 1632, Curitiba 80240-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0241-2017","article-title":"Clinical and laboratorial features of oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients","volume":"51","author":"Spalanzani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511399284","article-title":"Candida-host interactions in HIV disease: Implications for oropharyngeal candidiasis","volume":"23","author":"Fidel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. 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