{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T21:29:04Z","timestamp":1793309344907,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bahauddin Zakariya University","award":["ORIC\/2021\/143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORIC\/2021\/143"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) genes has increased remarkably, resulting in multidrug-resistant gram-negative rods (GNRs) in clinical specimens. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of ESBL-producing GNRs and its correlation with corresponding genes. Two hundred and seventy-two (n = 272) samples were evaluated for the molecular identification of ESBL genes by polymerase chain reaction after confirmation with the modified double-disc synergy test. E. coli 64.0% (n = 174) was the most prevalent ESBL producer, followed by Klebsiella species 27.2% (n = seventy-four), Acinetobacter species 6.6% (n = eighteen) and others 2.2% (n = six). These ESBL-producing isolates showed resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics, i.e., sulbactam\/cefoperazone (41.5%), piperacillin\/tazobactam (39.3%), meropenem (36.0%), imipenem (34.2%) and non- \u03b2-lactam antibiotics, i.e., nalidixic acid (89.0%), co-trimoxazole (84.9%), ciprofloxacin (82.4%), gentamicin (46.3%), nitrofurantoin (24.6%), amikacin (19.9%) and fosfomycin (19.9%). The incidences of the ESBLs-producing genes blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaOXA and blaSHV were 91.2%, 61.8%, 39.3% and 17.6%, respectively. Among nine multiple-gene combinations, blaCTX-M + blaTEM (30.5%) was the most prevalent combination, followed by blaCTX-M + blaOXA + blaTEM (14.0%), blaCTX-M + blaOXA (13.6%), blaCTX-M + blaTEM + blaSHV (7.0%), blaCTX-M + blaSHV (2.2%), blaCTX-M + blaOXA + blaSHV (2.2%) and blaOXA + blaTEM (1.8%). ESBLs producing GNRs carrying blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaOXA and blaSHV showed resistances to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics, i.e., ampicillin, amoxillin-clavulanic acid, cefotaxime and ceftazidime but were susceptible to carbapenems (meropenem and imipenem), \u03b2-lactam-\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combination (piperacillin\/tazobactam) and non-\u03b2-lactam antibiotics i.e., aminoglycoside (amikacin and gentamicin), nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin. These antibiotics that demonstrated activity may be used to treat infections in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T04:35:43Z","timestamp":1672115743000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Genetic Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases in Gram-Negative Rods Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6860-9558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Mubashar","family":"Idrees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"},{"name":"Multan Institute of Kidney Diseases (MIKD), Multan 60800, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rimsha","family":"Rimsha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Daoud","family":"Idrees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Oncology & Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.6.1211","article-title":"A functional classification scheme for beta-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure","volume":"39","author":"Bush","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Extended spectrum beta-lactamases: Definition, classification and epidemiology","volume":"17","author":"Ghafourian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-015-0061-0","article-title":"Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacilli","volume":"5","author":"Woerther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. 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