{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:04:30Z","timestamp":1792649070145,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among the most widespread childhood infections, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) develops potentially life-threatening conditions in adults if not appropriately treated. Helicobacter pylori is a common human pathogen that was first described in the stomach many years ago. The discovery of H. pylori was crucial in gastroenterology; this bacterium is associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and lymphoid tissue lymphoma related to the gastric mucosa. Studies published so far estimate that approximately 10% of subjects infected with H. pylori develop a peptic ulcer, and 1\u20133% of subjects develop gastric cancer. The clinical manifestations are variable and characteristically depend on the individual factors of the host. Various methods of detection and diagnosis of H. pylori infection have been developed, each with advantages, disadvantages, and\/or limitations. Available diagnostic tests are usually performed using invasive (endoscopy, biopsy, rapid urease test, cultures, and molecular tests) and noninvasive methods (urea breath test, stool antigen examination, and serological and molecular tests). Although there is extensive accessibility for diagnosing and treating H. pylori infection, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance is not negligible. Thus, numerous studies and meta-analyses are focused on a new orientation of gastroenterologists in diagnosing and treating H. pylori infections. A fascinating perspective hypothesis is the administration of probiotics to reduce H. pylori adhesion to gastric epithelial cells, preventing H. pylori colonization, especially in children, or reinfection with H. pylori in high-risk adult patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T03:26:11Z","timestamp":1672370771000},"page":"60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Importance of Accurate Early Diagnosis and Eradication in Helicobacter pylori Infection: Pictorial Summary Review in Children and Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9956-4318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Maria","family":"Marginean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona","family":"Cioboata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"Olteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pneumology, University of Pharmacy and Medicine Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4684-8213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina Maria","family":"Vasile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33600 Pessac, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alin Iulian Silviu","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Bondari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denisa","family":"Pirscoveanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3968-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iulia Cristina","family":"Marginean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4783-7420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Alexandru","family":"Iacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai Daniel","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Stanciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Mitrut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moodley, Y., Linz, B., Bond, R.P., Nieuwoudt, M., Soodyall, H., Schlebusch, C.M., Bernh\u00f6ft, S., Hale, J., Suerbaum, S., and Mugisha, L. (2012). Age of the Association between Helicobacter pylori and Man. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002693"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91816-6","article-title":"Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration","volume":"1","author":"Marshall","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00168","article-title":"Novel and Effective Therapeutic Regimens for Helicobacter pylori in an Era of Increasing Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3063-0","article-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection Worldwide: A Systematic Review of Studies with National Coverage","volume":"59","author":"Peleteiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12191","article-title":"Role of infected grandmothers in transmission of Helicobacter pylori to children in a Japanese rural town","volume":"49","author":"Urita","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2011.00874.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Public Health Implications","volume":"16","author":"Goh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2014.01.003","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Polish children and adults depending on socioeconomic status and living conditions","volume":"59","author":"Annabhani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2011.00876.x","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection","volume":"16","author":"Backert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"70","article-title":"Why do we still have Helicobacter Pylori in our Stomachs","volume":"22","author":"Abadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0029-8","article-title":"How to eliminate gastric cancer-related death worldwide?","volume":"15","author":"Yamaoka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28999","article-title":"Global burden of gastric cancer attributable to Helicobacter pylori","volume":"136","author":"Plummer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.01.028","article-title":"Association Between Helicobacter pylori Eradication and Gastric Cancer Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"150","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1708423","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Therapy for the Prevention of Metachronous Gastric Cancer","volume":"378","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0859-1883","article-title":"Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS II): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP), and Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED) guideline update 2019","volume":"51","author":"Areia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-018-0209-8","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Infection: New Facts in Clinical Management","volume":"16","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302084","article-title":"Management of Helicobacter pylori infection\u2014The Maastricht IV\/Florence Consensus Report","volume":"61","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"4791","article-title":"Comparison of Esophageal Function Tests to Investigate the Effect of Helicobacter Pylori Infection on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i29.3204","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and extragastric diseases: A review","volume":"24","author":"Gravina","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11221","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i40.11221","article-title":"Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: Current options and developments","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-009-1033-x","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori diagnostic tests in children: Review of the literature from 1999 to 2009","volume":"169","author":"Guarner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i4.1305","article-title":"Accuracy of urea breath test in Helicobacter pylori infection: Meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Ferwana","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00668.x","article-title":"Accuracy of monoclonal stool antigen test for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Gisbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.2003.00132.x","article-title":"Does N-acetyl cystein affect the sensitivity and specificity of Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test?","volume":"8","author":"Yazgan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8188","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i45.8188","article-title":"Stool antigen tests for the management of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"19","author":"Shimoyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28560","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori antibody responses and evolution of precancerous gastric lesions in a Chinese population","volume":"134","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2013.14.3.1813","article-title":"Seroreactivity to Helicobacter pylori Antigens as a Risk Indicator of Gastric Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Karami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2011.00919.x","article-title":"Non-invasive Genotyping of Helicobacter pylori cagA, vacA, and hopQ from Asymptomatic Children","volume":"17","author":"Sicinschi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12016","article-title":"Detection of clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori by stool PCR in children: A comprehensive review of literature","volume":"18","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.079491-0","article-title":"Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in inflamed dental pulp specimens from Japanese children and adolescents","volume":"64","author":"Ogaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2008.23.3.134","article-title":"Comparison of the 13C-urea breath test and the endoscopic phenol red mucosal pH test in the quantification of Helicobacter pylori infection loading","volume":"23","author":"Cho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4321\/S1130-01082012000100002","article-title":"Chromoendoscopy with red phenol in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"104","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06197.x","article-title":"Confocal laser endomicroscopy for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: A prospective study","volume":"25","author":"Ji","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04196.x","article-title":"Accuracy of a new ultrafast rapid urease test to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection in 1000 consecutive dyspeptic patients","volume":"31","author":"Vaira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i17.2105","article-title":"Study of Helicobacter pylori genotype status in saliva, dental plaques, stool and gastric biopsy samples","volume":"18","author":"Momtaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1586\/erm.11.17","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori molecular diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Lehours","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.05.028","article-title":"Rational Helicobacter pylori Therapy: Evidence-Based Medicine Rather Than Medicine-Based Evidence","volume":"12","author":"Graham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v4.i1.5","article-title":"Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: Current and future insights","volume":"4","author":"Safavi","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4629","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i32.4629","article-title":"Review of current diagnostic methods and advances in Helicobacter pylori diagnostics in the era of next generation sequencing","volume":"25","author":"Pohl","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120747","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2120747","article-title":"Biomaterials for Helicobacter pylori therapy: Therapeutic potential and future perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2018.1496017","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori drug resistance: Therapy changes and challenges","volume":"12","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2318","article-title":"Treatment of Helicobacter pylori in Special Patient Populations","volume":"39","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15640","article-title":"Increasing Helicobacter pylori clarithromycin resistance in Australia over 20 years","volume":"52","author":"Schubert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i3.665","article-title":"Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: Which regimen first?","volume":"20","author":"Federico","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.563","article-title":"ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection","volume":"112","author":"Chey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5578","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i37.5578","article-title":"Pathogenesis and clinical management of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection","volume":"25","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12781","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i36.12781","article-title":"Beyond the stomach: An updated view of Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"20","author":"Testerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00fc, M., Yu, S., Deng, J., Yan, Q., Yang, C., Xia, G., and Zhou, X. (2016). Efficacy of Probiotic Supplementation Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163743"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v5.i4.384","article-title":"Use of probiotics in the fight against Helicobacter pylori","volume":"5","author":"Ruggiero","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2008.00601.x","article-title":"The Effects of Probiotics on PPI-Triple Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.02274.x","article-title":"Bacillus clausii therapy to reduce side-effects of anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment: Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Nista","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.03179.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: The effect of supplementation with probiotics on eradication rates and adverse events during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy","volume":"25","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2009.00716.x","article-title":"Meta-Analysis: Lactobacillus Containing Quadruple Therapy Versus Standard Triple First-Line Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04457.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: The effects of Saccharomyces boulardii supplementation on Helicobacter pylori eradication rates and side effects during treatment","volume":"32","author":"Szajewska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318266f6cf","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Lactobacillus-containing and Bifidobacterium-containing Probiotic Compound Preparation in Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dang, Y., Reinhardt, J.D., Zhou, X., and Zhang, G. (2014). The Effect of Probiotics Supplementation on Helicobacter pylori Eradication Rates and Side Effects during Eradication Therapy: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111030"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4345","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i14.4345","article-title":"Probiotics in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13214","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Saccharomyces boulardii supplementation and eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"41","author":"Szajewska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640615617358","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: Multi-strain probiotics as adjunct therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication and prevention of adverse events","volume":"4","author":"McFarland","year":"2016","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5283","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i18.5283","article-title":"Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: Current status and future concepts","volume":"20","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-017-2291-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of probiotic-supplemented triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in children: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.10.2328-2330.1989","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus inhibits growth of Campylobacter pylori in vitro","volume":"27","author":"Bhatia","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.252","article-title":"A highly acid-resistant novel strain of Lactobacillus johnsonii No. 1088 has antibacterial activity, including that against Helicobacter pylori, and inhibits gastrin-mediated acid production in mice","volume":"4","author":"Aiba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.6.827","article-title":"Extracellular MUC3 mucin secretion follows adherence of Lactobacillus strains to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"52","author":"Mack","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27363","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.597757","article-title":"Human Trefoil Factor 2 Is a Lectin That Binds \u03b1-GlcNAc-capped Mucin Glycans with Antibiotic Activity against Helicobacter pylori","volume":"289","author":"Hanisch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"217","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillous plantarum and Helicobacter pylori CagA? on the expression of selected superficial molecules on monocyte and lymphocyte and the synthesis of cytokines in whole blood culture","volume":"63","author":"Wiese","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol. Off. J. Pol. Physiol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12237","article-title":"Emerging Role of Probiotics in the Management of Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Histopathologic Perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Emara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakobsson, H.E., Jernberg, C., Andersson, A.F., Sj\u00f6lund-Karlsson, M., Jansson, J.K., and Engstrand, L. (2010). Short-Term Antibiotic Treatment Has Differing Long-Term Impacts on the Human Throat and Gut Microbiome. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009836"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12270","article-title":"The Effect of Probiotics on Gut Microbiota during the Helicobacter pylori Eradication: Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"21","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillemard, E., Poirel, M., Sch\u00e4fer, F., Quinquis, L., Rossoni, C., Keicher, C., Wagner, F., Szajewska, H., Barbut, F., and Derrien, M. (2021). A Randomised, Controlled Trial: Effect of a Multi-Strain Fermented Milk on the Gut Microbiota Recovery after Helicobacter pylori Therapy. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.14.21249458"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viazis, N., Argyriou, K., Kotzampassi, K., Christodoulou, D.K., Apostolopoulos, P., Georgopoulos, S.D., Liatsos, C., Giouleme, O., Koustenis, K., and Veretanos, C. (2022). A Four-Probiotics Regimen Combined with A Standard Helicobacter pylori-Eradication Treatment Reduces Side Effects and Increases Eradication Rates. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030632"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12857","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12857","article-title":"The efficacy of Lactobacillus acidophilus and rhamnosus in the reduction of bacterial load of Helicobacter pylori and modification of gut microbiota-a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"119","article-title":"Diagnostic Value of Housekeeping [glmM] Gene Expression in Antral Biopsies in Comparison to Rapid Urease Test and Histological Detection of Helicobacter Pylori Infection","volume":"18","author":"Helaly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12861","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12861","article-title":"Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and growth outcomes in children: A meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehdipour, A., Chaboki, P., Rasouli Asl, F., Aghaali, M., Sharifinejad, N., and Shams, S. (2022). Comparing the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and virulence factors cagA, vacA, and dupA in supra-gingival dental plaques of children with and without dental caries: A case-control study. BMC Oral Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02175-5"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.13017","article-title":"Dental caries as a source of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: An RT-PCR study","volume":"33","author":"Sruthi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e651","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0941","article-title":"Association Between Helicobacter pylori and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Children","volume":"125","author":"Spee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolasa-Kici\u0144ska, M., Stawerska, R., Stawerski, P., Ka\u0142u\u017cy\u0144ski, A., Czkwianianc, E., and Lewi\u0144ski, A. (2022). Effects of Helicobacter pylori Infection on Ghrelin and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Secretion in Children with Idiopathic Short Stature. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195868"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupu, A., Miron, I.C., Cianga, A.L., Cernomaz, A.T., Lupu, V.V., Munteanu, D., Ghica, D.C., and Fotea, S. (2022). The Relationship between Anemia and Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Children. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9091324"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2022.103515","article-title":"Is Helicobacter pylori colonization associated with chronic tonsillitis?\u2014A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2022.21360","article-title":"Is Helicobacter pylori Infection Associated with Celiac Disease? A Meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Chen, Y., Ding, Y., and Tu, J. (2022). Inverse association between Helicobacter pylori infection and childhood asthma in a physical examination population: A cross-sectional study in Chongqing, China. BMC Pediatr., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03682-8"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"991","article-title":"Joint ESPGHAN\/NASPGHAN Guidelines for the Management of Helicobacter pylori in Children and Adolescents (Update 2016)","volume":"64","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Craniofacial Surg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6274","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i39.6274","article-title":"Does gastric atrophy exist in children?","volume":"12","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3414-4","article-title":"Diagnostic methods for Helicobacter pylori infection: Ideals, options, and limitations","volume":"38","author":"Sabbagh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"72","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori, transmission routes and recurrence of infection: State of the art","volume":"89","author":"Kayali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomed."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2011.00863.x","article-title":"13C-Urea Breath Test for the Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Leal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182077d33","article-title":"Utility of Stool Sample\u2013based Tests for the Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children","volume":"52","author":"Leal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.38.7.5281","article-title":"Effects of inflammatory cytokines on eradication and recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ256","article-title":"Persistent and TransientHelicobacter pyloriInfections in Early Childhood","volume":"61","author":"Lucero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70054-8","article-title":"Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Morgan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302254","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe and its relationship to antibiotic consumption","volume":"62","author":"Megraud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3282-z","article-title":"Efficacy of Lactobacillus-supplemented triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in children: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"178","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/1\/60\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:55:27Z","timestamp":1760147727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/1\/60"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics12010060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12010060","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]}}}