{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T01:23:14Z","timestamp":1783732994748,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at the Umm Al-Qura University","award":["22UQU4290073DSR07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22UQU4290073DSR07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly influenced antimicrobial use in hospitals, raising concerns regarding increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through their overuse. The objective of this study was to assess patterns of antimicrobial prescribing during the current COVID-19 pandemic among hospitals in Pakistan, including the prevalence of COVID-19. A point prevalence survey (PPS) was performed among 11 different hospitals from November 2020 to January 2021. The study included all hospitalized patients receiving an antibiotic on the day of the PPS. The Global-PPS web-based application was used for data entry and analysis. Out of 1024 hospitalized patients, 662 (64.64%) received antimicrobials. The top three most common indications for antimicrobial use were pneumonia (13.3%), central nervous system infections (10.4%) and gastrointestinal indications (10.4%). Ceftriaxone (26.6%), metronidazole (9.7%) and vancomycin (7.9%) were the top three most commonly prescribed antimicrobials among surveyed patients, with the majority of antibiotics administered empirically (97.9%). Most antimicrobials for surgical prophylaxis were given for more than one day, which is a concern. Overall, a high percentage of antimicrobial use, including broad-spectrums, was seen among the different hospitals in Pakistan during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Multifaceted interventions are needed to enhance rational antimicrobial prescribing including limiting their prescribing post-operatively for surgical prophylaxis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T04:07:09Z","timestamp":1672632429000},"page":"70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Point Prevalence Survey of Antimicrobial Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Different Hospitals in Pakistan: Findings and Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3202-6347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zikria","family":"Saleem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahuddin Zakaria University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2455-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Haseeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6539-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Godman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa"},{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narjis","family":"Batool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Center of Health Systems and Safety Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ummara","family":"Altaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umar","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Alnoor Specialist Hospital, Ministry of Health, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1022-8688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faiz Ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8109-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zia Ul","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Services, District Headquarter (DHQ) Hospital, Pakpattan 57400, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Umer","family":"Nadeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Junaid","family":"Farrukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Mugheera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inaam Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma Fareed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital and University of Child Health Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1400-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8990-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Akbar","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine in Al-Qunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1052-2940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Raafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozan Mohammad","family":"Radwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Care Department, Alnoor Specialist Hospital, Ministry of Health, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0245-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Shahid","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2017.62","article-title":"A brief history of antibiotics and select advances in their synthesis","volume":"71","author":"Nicolaou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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