{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T21:09:44Z","timestamp":1776287384091,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>After the onset of COVID-19 pandemic, a decrease in antibiotic consumption in the out-of-hospital setting was observed. However, data about the impact of this reduction on antimicrobial resistance are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess antibiotic consumption and antibiotic resistance at the community level in an Italian province before and after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. We carried out an observational study, comparing antibiotic consumption in the community during 2019 and 2020 and the antibiotic resistance patterns of Enterobacterales cultured from urine samples from the out-of-hospital setting during the first semester of 2020 and 2021. Overall, antibiotic consumption decreased by 28% from 2019 to 2020 (from 13.9 to 9.97 DDD\/1000 inhabitants\/day). The main reductions involved penicillins (ATC J01C, from 6.9 to 4.8 DDD\/1000 inhabitants\/day, \u221231%), particularly amoxicillin\/clavulanate (ATC J01CR02, \u221230%) and amoxicillin (J01CA04, \u221235.2%). Overall, 6445 strains of Enterobacterales were analyzed; in 2020, the susceptibility rate of amoxicillin\/clavulanate increased from 57.5% to 87% among isolates from the primary care setting (p &lt; 0.001) and from 39% to 72% (p &lt; 0.001) among isolates from LTCF. The reduction in the community use of antibiotics observed in 2020 was followed by a change in the antimicrobial resistance patterns of urinary isolates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T05:57:14Z","timestamp":1673243834000},"page":"126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Improvement in the Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Urinary Isolates in the Out-Of-Hospital Setting following Decreased Community Use of Antibiotics during the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9546-2811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Tedeschi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Sora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Bologna Local Health Unit, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, Bologna Local Health Unit, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Berlingeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Savini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Bologna Local Health Unit, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Rosselli Del Turco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, Bologna Local Health Unit, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Viale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Department for Integrated Infectious Risk Management, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Tumietto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, Bologna Local Health Unit, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission (2017). 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Available online: https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/clinical_breakpoints."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/1\/126\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:04:15Z","timestamp":1760119455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/1\/126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics12010126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12010126","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]}}}