{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:44:46Z","timestamp":1789397086222,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["(2021JJ40234)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2021JJ40234)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The plasmid\u2212mediated tigecycline resistance gene tet(X4) confers a high level of resistance to tigecycline. The experiment aims to investigate the prevalence and characterization of tet(X4) in Escherichia coli isolates from chicken and pig farms in Hunan province, China. Methods: A total of six tet(X4) positive strains were identified in 257 E. coli derived from chicken samples in Xiangtan city (n = 2), pig samples in Xiangxiang city (n = 1), Chenzhou city (n = 2), and Zhuzhou city (n = 1). The presence of tet(X4) was directly detected by PCR assay, and then the broth dilution method determined the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the tet(X4)\u2212positive isolates. Genomic locations were identified by whole\u2212genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics. Results: Almost all tet(X4)\u2212positive strains showed high resistance to multidrug, including tigecycline. Resistome analysis revealed many antibiotic resistance genes, including those with resistance to tetracyclines, \u03b2\u2212lactams, phenicols, quinolones, lincosamides chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides and sulfamids. These tet(X4)\u2212bearing strains exhibited six distract STs, such as ST10, 202, ST218, ST362, ST2077, ST7068. The plasmid replicon types carrying tet(X4) were the hybrid plasmid IncFIA(HI1)\/IncHIA\/IncHIB(R27) (5\/6) and IncX1 (1\/6). Conclusions: The presence of similar genetic environments in E. coli from different cities suggests there may be horizontal transmission pathways promoting the broad spread of drug\u2212resistant genes in Hunan Province, putting great pressure on multidrug resistance monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T04:45:58Z","timestamp":1673412358000},"page":"147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characteristics of tet(X4)\u2212Producing Escherichia coli in Chicken and Pig Farms in Hunan Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zonghan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongguang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiliang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4877-8199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969769","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.969769","article-title":"Dissemination and prevalence of plasmid\u2212mediated high\u2212level tigecycline resistance gene tet (X4)","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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