{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:59:27Z","timestamp":1792425567784,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enterobacteriaceae have been classified as severely drug resistant bacteria by the World Health Organization due to their extensive production and dissemination of carbapenemases (CPs) and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBL). The current study was conducted with the aim to determine the prevalence of CP- and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, as well as their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. For this, a hospital-based study was conducted which included 384 participants with bacterial infections. The collection and processing of specimens was conducted per standard microbiological protocol. The samples were inoculated on agar media plates to obtain the bacterial growths, and if they were positive for any bacterial growth, the antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method to check their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The double disc diffusion as well as carbapenem inhibition techniques were used to examine the CP enzymes. Multiplex real-time PCR technique was performed to identify three distinct genetic types of CPs that have been identified in the Enterobacteriaceae (KPC, NDM, and OXA-48). A majority of participants (58.3%) in the current study were living in urban areas. A total of 227 (59.1%) patients were hospitalized. Furthermore, 26.04% of the patients were determined to be suffering from infections with Enterobacteriaceae. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent (9.1%) isolate overall, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.07%), Acinetobacter baumannii (2.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.1%), Enterobacter cloacae (1.3%), Proteus spp. (1.3%), and Morganella spp. (0.5%). The studied patients were suffering from urinary tract infections (48.6%), blood stream infections (32.2%), wounds infection (11.9%), and respiratory infections (7.03%), confirmed with bacterial cultures. The resistance against carbapenems was seen in 31.4% of E. coli isolates, 25.8% in K. pneumoniae, 50% in P. aeruginosa, 25% in A. baumannii, and 20% in E. cloacae isolates. Such high rates of CP- and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae are alarming, suggesting high spread in the study area. It is advised to implement better infection prevention and control strategies and conduct further nationwide screening of the carriers of these pathogens. This might help in reducing the burden of highly resistant bugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T04:59:58Z","timestamp":1673413198000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Prevalence of Carbapenemase and Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Muqaddas","family":"Mustafai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Quaid e Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency, Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Mailsi, Vehari 61200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mavra","family":"Hafeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safa","family":"Munawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Nawaz Sharif Medical College, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakeenabi","family":"Basha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali A.","family":"Rabaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad A.","family":"Halwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha 4781, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulsalam","family":"Alawfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6861-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amer","family":"Alshengeti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa A.","family":"Najim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Alwarthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meshal K.","family":"AlFonaisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souad A.","family":"Almuthree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 43442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Garout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1504-1705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammed, A.B., and Anwar, K.A. 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