{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:08:17Z","timestamp":1790726897193,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kurdistan Regional Government"},{"name":"Applied Microbiology International"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, cephalosporin therapy failure is a serious problem for infection control. One causative agent of cephalosporin-resistant infections is multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli producing extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs) and\/or plasmid-encoded AmpC (pAmpC) \u03b2-lactamases. We evaluated the occurrence of ESBL\/pAmpC genetic determinants in phenotypically MDR E. coli isolated from clinical samples of blood, faeces, ear effusion, urine and sputum from a UK hospital. Phenotypic resistance profiling for 18 antibiotics (from seven classes) showed that 32\/35 isolates were MDR, with resistance to 4\u201316 of the tested antibiotics. Of the isolates, 97.1% showed resistance to ampicillin, 71.4% showed resistance to co-amoxiclav, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and ceftiofur, and 68.5% showed resistance to cefquinome. blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaOXA-1 genes were detected in 23, 13 and 12 strains, respectively, and Intl1 was detected in 17 isolates. The most common subtypes among the definite sequence types were CTX-M-15 (40%) and TEM-1 (75%). No E. coli isolates carried pAmpC genes. Significant correlations were seen between CTX-M carriage and cefotaxime, ceftiofur, aztreonam, ceftazidime and cefquinome resistance; between blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaOXA-1 carriage and ciprofloxacin resistance; and between Intl1 carriage and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole resistance. Thus, MDR phenotypes may be conferred by a relatively small number of genes. The level and pattern of antibiotic resistance highlight the need for better antibiotic therapy guidelines, including reduced use and improved surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T05:09:32Z","timestamp":1673586572000},"page":"169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Multidrug-Resistant ESBL-Producing E. coli in Clinical Samples from the UK"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Delveen R.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, School of Science, The University of Duhok, Duhok 42001, Iraq"},{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine E. R.","family":"Dodd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2492-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dov J.","family":"Stekel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, Rossmore 2029, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remilekun T.","family":"Meshioye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK"},{"name":"Fidson Healthcare Plc, 268 Ikorodu-Ososun Rd, Obanikoro, Lagos 100232, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Diggle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5221-4102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Lister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon L.","family":"Hobman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, J. 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