{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T03:36:42Z","timestamp":1778125002267,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring antibiotic use in the pediatric population is a challenge, especially when determining a relationship between specific pathogens, infections, and antibiotic use. We retrospectively analyzed the consumption of anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) drugs from 2017 to 2021 at Istituto Giannina Gaslini by means of defined daily dose (DDD) adopted for adults by World Health Organization. We observed a statistically significant increase in the use of daptomycin and ceftaroline, combined with a decrease in the use of vancomycin. In the same period, we observed an increase in the proportion of bloodstream infections due to MRSA with vancomycin minimally inhibitory concentration (MIC mg\/L) = 1, that represented the 100% of cases in 2021. This aspect was combined with the observation that in the 59% of cases, where vancomycin plasma concentrations were evaluated, it was not possible to achieve a ratio of the 24-h area under the concentration\u2013time curve and MIC (AUC0\u201324\/MIC) of vancomycin \u2265 400 mg\/L. This study confirms that DDD can be used in pediatrics to monitor antibiotic consumption in relationship with infections epidemiology. Moreover, it describes the presence of vancomycin MIC creep for MRSA also in pediatrics and the difficulties in obtaining effective vancomycin plasma concentrations in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T02:43:29Z","timestamp":1674182609000},"page":"216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Changes in the Use of Antibiotics for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections in Children: A 5-Year Retrospective, Single Center Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8445-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Sole","family":"Valentino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialistic Surgery, L.Vanvitelli Campania University, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3520-915X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Borgia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Deut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16126 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Lorenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Barabino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Ugolotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2989-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1601-9518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Bagnasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Scientific Directorate, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-8429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elio","family":"Castagnola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00020-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00020-18","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Characterization, Evolution, and Epidemiology","volume":"31","author":"Lakhundi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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