{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T02:37:12Z","timestamp":1794019032034,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus\u00a0aureus was isolated from a total of 360 nasal and groin skin swabs from 180 systematic randomly-selected horses slaughtered for meat at Obollo-Afor, Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria and antimicrobial, methicillin and heavy metal resistance profile and virulence potentials of the isolates established. Baird-Parker agar with egg yolk tellurite was used for S. aureus isolation. S. aureus isolates were confirmed biochemically and serologically using a specific S. aureus Staphytect Plus\u2122 latex agglutination test kit. The antimicrobial resistance profile, methicillin, vancomycin and inducible clindamycin resistance, and \u03b2-lactamase production of the isolates were determined with disc diffusion. Tolerance to Copper, Cadmium, Lead and Zinc was assessed using the agar dilution method and virulence potentials were determined using phenotypic methods. Forty-three (23.9%) of the 180 horses harbored S. aureus. Some 71 S. aureus were recovered from the 360 samples. Two (2.8%) of the 71 S. aureus were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 69 (97.2%) were methicillin-susceptible. MRSA was recovered from 2 (1.1%) of the 180 horses. Some 9.4% of the isolates were multiple drug-resistant (MDR). The mean multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARI) for the isolates was 0.24. Heavy metal resistance rate of the isolates ranged between 35.4\u201370.4%. The isolates, including the MRSA strains, displayed virulence potentials as clumping factor and catalase, gelatinase, caseinase, heamolysin, and biofilm was at the rate of 100%, 53.5%, 43.7%, 18.3% and 23.9%, respectively. This study showed that a considerable percentage of horses slaughtered in Obollo-Afor Southeastern Nigeria are potential reservoirs of virulent multiple drug- and heavy metal-resistant S. aureus, including MRSA, that could spread to humans and the environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T03:53:18Z","timestamp":1674618798000},"page":"242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Staphylococcus aureus in Horses in Nigeria: Occurrence, Antimicrobial, Methicillin and Heavy Metal Resistance and Virulence Potentials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Obichukwu Chisom","family":"Nwobi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2754-103X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madubuike Umunna","family":"Anyanwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9310-6511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishmael Festus","family":"Jaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Innocent Okwundu","family":"Nwankwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chukwuemeka Calistus","family":"Okolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chibundo Adaobi","family":"Nwobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Home Science and Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4167-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekene Vivienne","family":"Ezenduka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6810-4437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Wabwire","family":"Oguttu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.11.002","article-title":"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Animals: Current Overview","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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