{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:49:34Z","timestamp":1793836174787,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":509,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most important global public health problems. The imprudent use of antibiotics in humans and animals has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The dissemination of these strains and their resistant determinants could endanger antibiotic efficacy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify and develop novel strategies to combat antibiotic resistance. This review provides insights into the evolution and the mechanisms of AMR. Additionally, it discusses alternative approaches that might be used to control AMR, including probiotics, prebiotics, antimicrobial peptides, small molecules, organic acids, essential oils, bacteriophage, fecal transplants, and nanoparticles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T07:56:48Z","timestamp":1675065408000},"page":"274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":211,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance and Recent Alternatives to Antibiotics for the Control of Bacterial Pathogens with an Emphasis on Foodborne Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1470-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosra A.","family":"Helmy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA"},{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Taha-Abdelaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan Abd El-Halim","family":"Hawwas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4945-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soumya","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samar Sami","family":"AlKafaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed M. M.","family":"Moawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Minya University, Minya 61742, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7342-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Essa M.","family":"Saied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"},{"name":"Institute for Chemistry, Humboldt Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issmat I.","family":"Kassem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30609, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa M. M.","family":"Mawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Madinah 42317, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2022, October 31). Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.002","article-title":"The negative impact of antibiotic resistance","volume":"22","author":"Friedman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helmy, Y.A., El-Adawy, H., and Abdelwhab, E.M. (2017). 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