{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T17:50:24Z","timestamp":1774893024905,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES","award":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00709\/2020"]}]},{"name":"national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology\/MCTES","award":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/00709\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aliarcobacter butzleri is considered a ubiquitous microorganism and emergent pathogen, for which increasing rates of multidrug resistance have been described. In line with this, the present work aimed to evaluate for the first time the contribution of an ABC efflux system, the YbhFSR, in the resistance and virulence of this bacterium. Following the in silico characterization of the YbhFSR transporter, a mutant strain was constructed by inactivating the gene responsible for ATP-binding. After ensuring that the mutation did not have an impact on bacterial growth, the resistance profile of parental and mutant strains to different antimicrobial agents was evaluated. The results suggest that the efflux pump may influence the resistance to benzalkonium chloride, ethidium bromide, and cadmium, and several other compounds were identified as potential substrates. Regarding the evaluation of the accumulation of ethidium bromide, a slight increase was observed for the mutant strain, demonstrating a potential role of the YbhFSR efflux pump in the extrusion of toxic compounds from A. butzleri. Subsequently, the role of this efflux pump on the A. butzleri known virulence properties was evaluated, but no difference was seen among mutant and parental strains for the motility, biofilm formation ability, susceptibility to oxidative stress, or the ability to adhere and invade Caco-2 cells. However, in contrast to the parental strain, the mutant strain showed a resistance to human serum. Overall, the results support the role of efflux pumps in A. butzleri resistance to antimicrobials, highlighting the particular role of the YbhFSR system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T05:29:05Z","timestamp":1675661345000},"page":"339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Putative Role of an ABC Efflux System in Aliarcobacter butzleri Resistance and Virulence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6360-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Oleastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8308-2862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS-UBI\u2014Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilh\u00e3, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"364","article-title":"Insights in the Pathogenesis and Resistance of Arcobacter: A Review","volume":"42","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00682","article-title":"Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Class Epsilonproteobacteria and Proposed Reclassification to Epsilonbacteraeota (phyl. nov.)","volume":"8","author":"Waite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00034-10","article-title":"Taxonomy, Epidemiology, and Clinical Relevance of the Genus Arcobacter","volume":"24","author":"Collado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2017.1323355","article-title":"Arcobacter: An Emerging Food-Borne Zoonotic Pathogen, Its Public Health Concerns and Advances in Diagnosis and Control\u2014A Comprehensive Review","volume":"37","author":"Ramees","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12577","article-title":"Arcobacter butzleri: Up-to-Date Taxonomy, Ecology, and Pathogenicity of an Emerging Pathogen","volume":"19","author":"Chieffi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2562","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Salmonella Enterica, Campylobacter Spp., and Arcobacter butzleri from Local and Imported Poultry Meat in Kumasi, Ghana","volume":"16","author":"Dekker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104213","article-title":"Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Plasticity of Arcobacter butzleri: Insights on the Genomic Diversity of an Emerging Human Pathogen","volume":"80","author":"Isidro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(03)00322-2","article-title":"Prevalence of Arcobacter Species in Retail Meats and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of the Isolates in Japan","volume":"90","author":"Kabeya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.10.005","article-title":"Virulence Genotypes and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Arcobacter butzleri Isolated from Seafood and Its Environment","volume":"263","author":"Rathlavath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2012.01311.x","article-title":"Prevalence, Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance of Emergent Arcobacter Spp. from Clinically Healthy Cattle and Goats","volume":"60","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.01.006","article-title":"Susceptibility to 18 Drugs and Multidrug Resistance of Arcobacter Isolates from Different Sources within the Czech Republic","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2017.09.024","article-title":"Arcobacter Spp. at Retail Food from Portugal: Prevalence, Genotyping and Antibiotics Resistance","volume":"85","author":"Oleastro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0295","article-title":"Arcobacter butzleri Ciprofloxacin Resistance: Point Mutations in DNA Gyrase A and Role on Fitness Cost","volume":"24","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00729-21","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00729-21","article-title":"Characterization of AreABC, an RND-Type Efflux System Involved in Antimicrobial Resistance of Aliarcobacter butzleri","volume":"65","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mateus, C., Nunes, A.R., Oleastro, M., Domingues, F., and Ferreira, S. (2021). RND Efflux Systems Contribute to Resistance and Virulence of Aliarcobacter butzleri. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070823"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1483","article-title":"Multidrug Efflux Pumps at the Crossroad between Antibiotic Resistance and Bacterial Virulence","volume":"7","author":"Blanco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00514-21","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00514-21","article-title":"Update on Multidrug Resistance Efflux Pumps in Acinetobacter spp.","volume":"65","author":"Kornelsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cb.08.110192.000435","article-title":"ABC Transporters: From Microorganisms to Man","volume":"8","author":"Higgins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2008.06.009","article-title":"ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters in Escherichia coli","volume":"1778","author":"Moussatova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2019.06.001","article-title":"Multidrug ABC Transporters in Bacteria","volume":"170","author":"Orelle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbi.2007.07.003","article-title":"Structure and Mechanism of ABC Transporter Proteins","volume":"17","author":"Hollenstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2009.06.004","article-title":"ABC Transporters: A Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery inside an Enigma","volume":"34","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-006-0126-x","article-title":"Structure and Function of ABC Transporters: The ATP Switch Provides Flexible Control","volume":"453","author":"Linton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00001-07","article-title":"Distribution and Physiology of ABC-Type Transporters Contributing to Multidrug Resistance in Bacteria","volume":"71","author":"Lubelski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10668","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.10668","article-title":"Multidrug Resistance Mediated by a Bacterial Homolog of the Human Multidrug Transporter MDR1","volume":"93","author":"Venema","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8553","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.19.8553","article-title":"A Bacterial Analog of the Mdr Gene of Mammalian Tumor Cells Is Present in Streptomyces peucetius, the Producer of Daunorubicin and Doxorubicin","volume":"88","author":"Guilfoile","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20020615","article-title":"Overexpression and Functional Characterization of an ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) Transporter Encoded by the Genes drrA and drrB of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"367","author":"Choudhuri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7205","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.21.7205-7213.2004","article-title":"Membrane Topology Analysis of Cyclic Glucan Synthase, a Virulence Determinant of Brucella Abortus","volume":"186","author":"Ciocchini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.11.4781-4783.2005","article-title":"Use of an Efflux-Deficient Streptococcus Pneumoniae Strain Panel to Identify ABC-Class Multidrug Transporters Involved in Intrinsic Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"49","author":"Robertson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000292","article-title":"Transcription Factor CecR (YbiH) Regulates a Set of Genes Affecting the Sensitivity of Escherichia coli against Cefoperazone and Chloramphenicol","volume":"162","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00556","article-title":"A Putative Efflux Transporter of the ABC Family, YbhFSR, in Escherichia coli Functions in Tetracycline Efflux and Na+(Li+)\/H+ Transport","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(99)00158-3","article-title":"ABC Transporters: Bacterial Exporters-Revisited Five Years On","volume":"1461","author":"Young","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonif\u00e1cio, M., Mateus, C., Alves, A.R., Maldonado, E., Duarte, A.P., Domingues, F., Oleastro, M., and Ferreira, S. (2021). Natural Transformation as a Mechanism of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Aliarcobacter butzleri. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070909"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.01.003","article-title":"Genetic Diversity, Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm-Forming Ability of Arcobacter butzleri Isolated from Poultry and Environment from a Portuguese Slaughterhouse","volume":"162","author":"Ferreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.07.045","article-title":"Characterization of a Novel Potential Peptide Import System in Treponema denticola","volume":"123","author":"Asai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01284-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01284-20","article-title":"Novel Mechanisms of Efflux-Mediated Levofloxacin Resistance and Reduced Amikacin Susceptibility in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","volume":"65","author":"Dulyayangkul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01644-07","article-title":"The Efflux Pump Inhibitor Reserpine Selects Multidrug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains That Overexpress the ABC Transporters PatA and PatB","volume":"52","author":"Garvey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku317","article-title":"MacABCsm, an ABC-Type Tripartite Efflux Pump of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Involved in Drug Resistance, Oxidative and Envelope Stress Tolerances and Biofilm Formation","volume":"69","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, J., Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, D., Liu, R., Liu, G., Yao, H., and Pan, Z. (2019). Bacitracin Resistance and Enhanced Virulence of Streptococcus suis via a Novel Efflux Pump. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2115-2"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00033-21","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00033-21","article-title":"The ABC-Type Efflux Pump MacAB Is Involved in Protection of Serratia marcescens against Aminoglycoside Antibiotics, Polymyxins, and Oxidative Stress","volume":"6","author":"Shirshikova","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characterization of the Mycobacterial MSMEG-3762\/63 Efflux Pump in Mycobacterium smegmatis Drug Efflux","volume":"11","author":"Campolattano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"24474","article-title":"The ABC Transporter YejABEF Is Required for Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides and the Virulence of Brucella melitensis","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6445(03)00048-2","article-title":"Efflux-Mediated Heavy Metal Resistance in Prokaryotes","volume":"27","author":"Nies","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.15","article-title":"Metal Homeostasis and Resistance in Bacteria","volume":"15","author":"Chandrangsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00670","article-title":"Genomic Characterization of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from Shellfish: Novel Insight into Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Determinants","volume":"10","author":"Fanelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, E., Abdel-Glil, M.Y., Hotzel, H., H\u00e4nel, I., and Tomaso, H. (2020). Aliarcobacter Butzleri from Water Poultry: Insights into Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence and Heavy Metal Resistance. Genes, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.617685"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27631-0","article-title":"The MexGHI-OpmD Multidrug Efflux Pump Controls Growth, Antibiotic Susceptibility and Virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa via 4-Quinolone-Dependent Cell-to-Cell Communication","volume":"151","author":"Diggle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2006\/004234-0","article-title":"A Two-Component Small Multidrug Resistance Pump Functions as a Metabolic Valve during Nicotine Catabolism by Arthrobacter nicotinovorans","volume":"153","author":"Ganas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04940.x","article-title":"Virulence and Drug Resistance Roles of Multidrug Efflux Systems of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium","volume":"59","author":"Nishino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt352","article-title":"Regulation of AcrAB Expression by Cellular Metabolites in Escherichia coli","volume":"69","author":"Ruiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02190-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02190-18","article-title":"Roles of Efflux Pumps from Different Superfamilies in the Surface-Associated Motility and Virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978","volume":"63","author":"Corral","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks228","article-title":"Loss of or Inhibition of All Multidrug Resistance Efflux Pumps of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Results in Impaired Ability to Form a Biofilm","volume":"67","author":"Baugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00630-13","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00630-13","article-title":"The ABC-Type Efflux Pump MacAB Protects Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium from Oxidative Stress","volume":"4","author":"Bogomolnaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqumaizi, K.I., Kumar, S., Anwer, R., and Mustafa, S. (2022). Differential Gene Expression of Efflux Pumps and Porins in Clinical Isolates of MDR Acinetobacter baumannii. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12030419"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xavier, D.E., Pico, R.C., Girardello, R., Fehlberg, L.C.C., and Gales, A.C. (2010). Efflux Pumps Expression and Its Association with Porin Down-Regulation and \u03b2-Lactamase Production among Pseudomonas aeruginosa Causing Bloodstream Infections in Brazil. BMC Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-217"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2021.0588","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii: Virulence Strategies and Host Defense Mechanisms","volume":"41","author":"Tiku","year":"2022","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01820.x","article-title":"Serum Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii through the Binding of Factor H to Outer Membrane Proteins","volume":"301","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)00037-9","article-title":"The Role of Porins in Neisserial Pathogenesis and Immunity","volume":"11","author":"Massari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01469.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of Neisserial Serum Resistance","volume":"32","author":"Vogel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2006). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [7th ed.]. Approved Standard; Document M7-A7."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Shaughnessy, C.M., Cunningham, A.F., and MacLennan, C.A. (2012). The Stability of Complement-Mediated Bactericidal Activity in Human Serum against Salmonella. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049147"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2014.09.004","article-title":"Genotypic and Phenotypic Features of Arcobacter butzleri Pathogenicity","volume":"76","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/2\/339\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:25:38Z","timestamp":1760120738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/2\/339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics12020339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12020339","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]}}}