{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:14:42Z","timestamp":1790709282784,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["TED2021-131427B-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-131427B-C21"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","award":["TED2021-131427B-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-131427B-C22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present study, the occurrence of indicator antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) both in the influent and the effluent of four Spanish wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was monitored for 12 months, and the susceptibility profiles of 89 recovered extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolates were obtained against a wide range of antimicrobials. The aim of the study was to better understand whether the current wastewater treatment practices allow us to obtain safe reclaimed water mitigating the spread of ARB and ARGs to the environment. Results showed high concentrations of ESBL-producing E. coli as well as a high prevalence of a range of ARGs in the influent samples. The reclamation treatments implemented in the WWTPs were effective in reducing both the occurrence of ESBL E. coli and ARGs, although significant differences were observed among WWTPs. Despite these reductions in occurrence observed upon wastewater treatment, our findings suggest that WWTP effluents may represent an important source of ARGs, which could be transferred among environmental bacteria and disseminate antimicrobial resistance through the food chain. Remarkably, no major differences were observed in the susceptibility profiles of the ESBL E. coli isolated from influent and effluent waters, indicating that water treatments do not give rise to the emergence of new resistance phenotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T04:51:46Z","timestamp":1676523106000},"page":"400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Surveillance on ESBL-Escherichia coli and Indicator ARG in Wastewater and Reclaimed Water of Four Regions of Spain: Impact of Different Disinfection Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4883-3303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rcia","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Truchado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Microbiology and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Food Science and Technology Department, CEBAS-CSIC, 25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"Cordero-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4340-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda I.","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Microbiology and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Food Science and Technology Department, CEBAS-CSIC, 25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel Abell\u00e1n","family":"Soler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entidad Regional de Saneamiento y Depuraci\u00f3n de Murcia (ESAMUR), Avda. Juan Carlos I, s\/n. Ed. Torre Jemeca, 30009 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amador","family":"Ranca\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acciona Agua, S.A.U., Avda. de Europa, 18, Parque Empresarial La Moraleja, 28108 Alcobendas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acciona Agua, S.A.U., Avda. de Europa, 18, Parque Empresarial La Moraleja, 28108 Alcobendas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avelino","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24007 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Allende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Microbiology and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Food Science and Technology Department, CEBAS-CSIC, 25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022, July 26). 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