{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T10:47:56Z","timestamp":1794048476152,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"United States Department of Agriculture\/National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-68006-28103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-68006-28103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of antibiotics in food animals results to antimicrobial resistant bacteria that complicates the ability to treat infections. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pathogenic and commensal bacteria in soil, water, manure, and milk from cattle and goat farms. A total of 285 environmental and 81 milk samples were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae by using biochemical and PCR techniques. Susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by the Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion technique. A total of 15 different Enterobacteriaceae species were identified from goat and cattle farms. Manure had significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) Enterobacteriaceae (52.0%) than soil (37.2%), trough water (5.4%), and runoff water (5.4%). There was a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) in Enterobacteriaceae in goat milk (53.9%) and cow milk (46.2%). Enterobacteriaceae from environment showed 100% resistance to novobiocin, erythromycin, and vancomycin E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Enterococcus spp., and Listeria monocytogenes displayed three, five, six, and ten. AMR patterns, respectively. NOV-TET-ERY-VAN was the most common phenotype observed in all isolates. Our study suggest that cattle and goat farms are reservoirs of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Food animal producers should be informed on the prudent use of antimicrobials, good agricultural practices, and biosecurity measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T04:58:23Z","timestamp":1676869103000},"page":"420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Pathogenic and Commensal Bacteria Recovered from Cattle and Goat Farms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4521-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winnie","family":"Mukuna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8425-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobenna","family":"Aniume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5900-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bharat","family":"Pokharel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9916-8713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collins","family":"Khwatenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2920-6542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashesh","family":"Basnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Kilonzo-Nthenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, J. (2022, December 15). Review on Antimicrobial Resistance Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a Crisis for the Health and Wealth of Nations. London: Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/amr-review.org\/sites\/default\/files\/AMR%20Review%20Paper%20-%20Tackling%20a%20crisis%20for%20the%20health%20and%20wealth%20of%20nations_1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Habboush, Y., and Guzman, N. (2022, December 15). Antibiotic Resistance, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK513277\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manyi-Loh, C., Mamphweli, S., Meyer, E., and Okoh, A. (2018). Antibiotic use in agriculture and its consequential resistance in environmental sources: Potential public health implications. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040795"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e307","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30142-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial use and resistance in animals and human beings","volume":"1","author":"Vanderhaeghen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904","article-title":"Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health","volume":"29","author":"Silbergeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao1495","article-title":"Reducing antimicrobial use in food animals","volume":"357","author":"Glennon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (2022, December 17). SUMMARY REPORT on Antimicrobials Sold or Distributed for Use in Food-Producing Animals, Available online: https:\/\/shorturl.at\/fzJ68."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-888X.1000174","article-title":"Production of milk and bovine mastitis","volume":"5","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Dairy Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasimanickam, V., Kasimanickam, M., and Kasimanickam, R. (2021). Antibiotics Use in Food Animal Production: Escalation of Antimicrobial Resistance: Where Are We Now in Combating AMR?. Med. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci9010014"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, November 19). The Evolving Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance: Options for Action, Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/44812."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12515","article-title":"Factors potentially linked with the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in selected bacteria from cattle, chickens and pigs: A scoping review of publications for use in modelling of antimicrobial resistance (IAM.AMR Project)","volume":"65","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"94","article-title":"Water, and sanitation: An essential battlefront in the war on antimicrobial resistance","volume":"94","author":"Frigon","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S.A., Imtiaz, M.A., Sayeed, M.A., Shaikat, A.H., and Hassan, M.M. (2020). Antimicrobial resistance pattern in domestic animal\u2014Wildlife\u2014Environmental niche via the food chain to humans with a Bangladesh perspective; a systematic review. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02519-9"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO692","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2020-0189","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in the farm-to-plate continuum: More than a food safety issue","volume":"7","author":"Founou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salminen, S., and von Wright, A. (2004). Lactic Acid Bacteria: Microbiological and Functional Aspects, CRC Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9780824752033"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12185","article-title":"Antibiotics in agriculture and the risk to human health: How worried should we be?","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2016.01.0023","article-title":"Antibiotics in agroecosystems: Introduction to the special section","volume":"45","author":"Franklin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.04.006","article-title":"Animals as sources of food-borne pathogens: A review","volume":"4","author":"Heredia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2004). Water, Sanitation and Health Team, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Volume 1. Recommendations."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2007.05.023","article-title":"Tracking emerging zoonotic pathogens from farm to fork","volume":"78","author":"Duffy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1829","article-title":"Perspectives on super shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by cattle","volume":"12","author":"Munns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8045","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02363-12","article-title":"Differences in colonization and shedding patterns after oral challenge of cattle with three Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains","volume":"78","author":"Kulow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microb."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05869-11","article-title":"Correlating levels of type III secretion and secreted proteins with fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle","volume":"80","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"392","article-title":"Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae; versatile bacterial pathogens confronting antibiotic treatment","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Jarlier, V., Arnaud, I., and Carbonne, A. (2022, December 31). Surveillance des Bact\u00e9ries Multir\u00e9sistantes Dans les \u00e9tablissements de Sant\u00e9 en France. R\u00e9seau BMR Raisin. Available online: https:\/\/www.santepubliquefrance.fr\/maladies-et-traumatismes\/infections-associees-aux-soins-et-resistance-aux-antibiotiques\/resistance-aux-antibiotiques\/documents\/enquetes-etudes\/surveillance-des-bacteries-multiresistantes-dans-les-etablissements-de-sante-reseau-bmr-raisin-france-resultats-2017."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2017.05.001","article-title":"The first report of Escherichia fergusonii isolated from non-human primates, in Africa","volume":"3","author":"Glover","year":"2017","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829532","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/829532","article-title":"Escherichia fergusonii Associated with Pneumonia in a Beef Cow","volume":"2013","author":"Rimoldi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0161721","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01617-21","article-title":"Escherichia fergusonii, an Underrated Repository for Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals","volume":"10","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2002.151.152","article-title":"Isolation of Escherichia coli from raw milk and milk products in relation to public health sold under market conditions at Tandojam","volume":"1","author":"Soomro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pak. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"53","article-title":"Detection of Escherichia coli in unpasteurized raw milk","volume":"3","author":"Lajnef","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"206","article-title":"Prevalence of Escherichia coli and shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in cattle faeces and raw cow milk sold in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana; A food safety challenge","volume":"5","author":"Saba","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Saf. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2009.01.005","article-title":"Bacterial quality of raw milk investigated by Escherichia coli and isolates analysis for specific virulence-gene markers","volume":"20","author":"Altalhi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Control."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2012.05.005","article-title":"Bacteremia caused by Pantoea agglomerans at a medical center in Taiwan, 2000\u20132010","volume":"46","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"156827","article-title":"Pantoea agglomerans in Immunodeficient Patients with Different Respiratory Symptoms","volume":"2012","author":"Popoca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01551-06","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant enteric bacteria from dairy cattle","volume":"73","author":"Sawant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8725","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01710","article-title":"Animal Feces Contribute to Domestic Fecal Contamination: Evidence from E. coli Measured in Water, Hands, Food, Flies, and Soil in Bangladesh","volume":"51","author":"Ayse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.07.001","article-title":"Longitudinal study of the prevalence and super-shedding of Escherichia coli O157 in dairy heifers","volume":"173","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2029","article-title":"Super-shedding and the link between human infection and livestock carriage of Escherichia coli O157","volume":"6","author":"Gally","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4154","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00772-13","article-title":"Prevalence and relatedness of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in the feces and on the hides and carcasses of U.S. meat goats at slaughter","volume":"79","author":"Jacob","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.12980\/apjtd.7.2017D7-198","article-title":"Incidence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli O157: H7isolates recovered from dairy farms in amathole district municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa","volume":"7","author":"Myataza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.4141\/A02-021","article-title":"Transmission and control of Escherichia O157:H7\u2014A review","volume":"82","author":"Bach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-017-1393-y","article-title":"Current pathogenic Escherichia coli foodborne outbreak cases and therapy development","volume":"199","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.984-993","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. associated with dairy cattle and farm environment having public health significance","volume":"12","author":"Sobur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"25","article-title":"coli O157 and Salmonella spp. in white-tailed deer and livestock","volume":"6","author":"Branham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Intest. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-006-4325-4","article-title":"Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars in apparently healthy slaughtered sheep and goats of central Ethiopia","volume":"38","author":"Molla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.650","article-title":"Persistent fecal Salmonella shedding in five dairy herds","volume":"220","author":"Huston","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1086\/500320","article-title":"Outbreak of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium Definitive phage type 104 infection linked to commercial ground beef, northeastern United States, 2003\u20132004","volume":"42","author":"Dechet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayakumar, P.P., and Muriana, P.M. (2017). Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes on Ready-to-Eat Meats Using Bacteriocin Mixtures Based. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6030022"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.11.2496","article-title":"Dairy farm reservoir of Listeria monocytogenes sporadic and epidemic strains","volume":"67","author":"Borucki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Food Pro."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.3.383","article-title":"Identification of potential on-farm sources of Listeria monocytogenes in herds of dairy cattle","volume":"70","author":"Mohammed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022, October 11). Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Roos Foods Dairy Products, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/listeria\/outbreaks\/cheese-02-14\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Q., Gooneratne, R., and Hussain, M. (2017). Listeria monocytogenes in Fresh Produce: Outbreaks, Prevalence and Contamination Levels. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6030021"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.08.014","article-title":"Enterococci as probiotics and their implications in food safety","volume":"151","author":"Franz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800261-2.00004-9","article-title":"Environmental and animal-associated enterococci","volume":"87","author":"Staley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2020.01.004","article-title":"Enterococci and food safety\u2014Are all probiotics beneficial?","volume":"61","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-71.12.2389","article-title":"Microbial concentrations on fresh produce are affected by postharvest processing, importation, and season","volume":"71","author":"Ailes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stec, J., Kosikowska, U., Mendrycka, M., St\u0119pie\u0144-Py\u015bniak, D., Nied\u017awiedzka-Rystwej, P., B\u0119bnowska, D., Hrynkiewicz, R., Zi\u0119tara-Wysocka, J., and Grywalska, E. (2022). Opportunistic Pathogens of Recreational Waters with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Resistance-A Possible Subject of Human Health Concern. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127308"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.3.1231-1236.2005","article-title":"Analyses of livestock production, waste storage, and pathogen levels and prevalences in farm manures","volume":"71","author":"Hutchison","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-014-0051-x","article-title":"Contamination of water resources by pathogenic bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Pandey","year":"2014","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manyi-Loh, C.E., Mamphweli, S.N., Meyer, E.L., Makaka, G., Simon, M., and Okoh, A.I. (2016). An Overview of the Control of Bacterial Pathogens in Cattle Manure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13090843"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fnx050","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnx050","article-title":"Escherichia coli, cattle and the propagation of disease","volume":"364","author":"Stein","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.05.041","article-title":"Virulence genes, Shiga toxin subtypes, major O-serogroups, and phylogenetic background of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from cattle in Iran","volume":"109","author":"Jajarmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2018.1423-1427","article-title":"Detection, characterization, and antibiogram of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli isolated from bovine milk samples in West Bengal, India","volume":"11","author":"Batabyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1055","article-title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Swiss Raw Milk Cheeses Collected at Producer Level","volume":"91","author":"Stephan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2017.10.002","article-title":"Foodborne pathogens in raw milk and cheese of sheep and goat origin: A meta-analysis approach","volume":"18","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ121","article-title":"Predictive value of prior colonization and antibiotic use for third-generation cephalosporin-resistant enterobacteriaceae bacteremia in patients with sepsis","volume":"60","author":"Rottier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H., and Gr\u00fcnberg, W. (2017). Veterinary Medicine, Saunders Ltd. (Elsevier). [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1021\/id500013t","article-title":"A new-class antibacterial almost. Lessons in drug discovery and development: A critical analysis of more than 50 years of effort toward ATPase inhibitors of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV","volume":"1","author":"Bisacchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.03.012","article-title":"Mechanisms of erythromycin resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from food, animals and humans","volume":"120","author":"Kurincic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Patel, S., Preuss, C.V., and Bernice, F. (2022, October 11). Vancomycin. [Updated 2022 Sep 21], StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459263\/."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2020.09.004","article-title":"Use of antimicrobials in food animals and impact of transmission of antimicrobial resistance on humans","volume":"3","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosaf. Health"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt066","article-title":"Complete sequence of the blaNDM-1-carrying plasmid pNDM-AB from Acinetobacter baumannii of food animal origin","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"7956","article-title":"Carbapenemase-producing bacteria in food-producing animals, wildlife and environment: A challenge for human health","volume":"8","author":"Bonardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"303","article-title":"Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"37","author":"Iovleva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72851-5","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and virulence of Escherichia coli strains isolated from animal rendering plant","volume":"10","author":"Gregova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00440-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00440-18","article-title":"Genomic analysis of a pan-resistant isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae, United States 2016","volume":"9","author":"Lutgring","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10388","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance is ancient","volume":"477","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-008-9170-7","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in dairy cattle in the United States","volume":"33","author":"Alexander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Com."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07156-11","article-title":"Prevalence, characterization, and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from bovine hides and carcasses","volume":"78","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.2298\/BAH1103067K","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes in milk and dairy products","volume":"27","author":"Kasalica","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Anim. Husb."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3676","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02441-10","article-title":"Increased in vitro adherence and on-farm persistence of predominant and persistent Listeria monocytogenes strains in the milking system","volume":"77","author":"Latorre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.155","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility and antibiotic resistance gene transfer analysis of foodborne, clinical, and environmental Listeria spp. isolates including Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"3","author":"Bertsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5921840","article-title":"Detection of Virulence Genes in Multidrug Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Feedlots Dairy and Beef Cattle: Implications for Human Health and Food Safety","volume":"2019","author":"Foka","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.041640","article-title":"Influence of mode of delivery on gut microbiota composition in seven-year-old children","volume":"53","author":"Salminen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-11","article-title":"Food animals and antimicrobials: Impacts on human health","volume":"24","author":"Marshall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.4.1084-1091.1999","article-title":"DNA banding pattern polymorphism in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and criteria for defining strains","volume":"37","author":"Morrison","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"197","article-title":"Virulence and antimicrobial resistance in enterococci isolated from urinary tract infections","volume":"3","author":"Sharifi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00013-07","article-title":"Type III secretion systems and disease. Clin","volume":"20","author":"Coburn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4315","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00384-15","article-title":"Epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Canadian hospitals (CANWARD study, 2007 to 2013)","volume":"59","author":"Simner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02227-15","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02227-15","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in agriculture","volume":"7","author":"Thanner","year":"2016","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"USDA\/APHIS (2003). Safeguarding American Agriculture: Milking Procedures on U.S. Dairy Operations."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2010.05.003","article-title":"A multiplex PCR procedure for the detection of six major virulence genes in Escherichia coli O157: H7","volume":"82","author":"Bai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1734-1738.2004","article-title":"Development of a multiplex PCR technique for detection and epidemiological typing of Salmonella in human clinical samples","volume":"42","author":"Alvarez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-015-0468-7","article-title":"Virulence and antimicrobial resistance factors of Enterococcus spp. isolated from fecal samples from piggery farms in Eastern Cape, South Africa","volume":"15","author":"Iweriebor","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6299","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00961-07","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of bacteria of the genus Listeria, Listeria monocytogenes, and major serotypes and epidemic clones of L. monocytogenes","volume":"73","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2020). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. CLSI Approved Standard M100-S15."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/2\/420\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:37:09Z","timestamp":1760121429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/2\/420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics12020420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12020420","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]}}}