{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T11:47:50Z","timestamp":1794311270713,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology","award":["GUST.STS.\u0110T2019-SH03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUST.STS.\u0110T2019-SH03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the process of adapting to metal contamination, plants produce secondary metabolites that have the potential to modulate multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes; this is achieved by inhibiting the activity of efflux pumps to reduce the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial substrates. Our study evaluated the effect of secondary metabolites of belowground parts of\u00a0Pteris vittata L. and Fallopia japonica, two metal-tolerant plants from northern Vietnam, on six antibiotic-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains possessing efflux pump resistance mechanisms that were isolated from soil and clinical samples. The chemical composition of aqueous and dichloromethane (DCM) fractions extracted from P. vittata and F. japonica was determined using UHPLC-DAD-ESI\/QTOF analysis. The antibacterial and efflux pump inhibitory activities of the four fractions were evaluated for the six strains (K279a, 0366, BurA1, BurE1, PierC1, and 502) using a microdilution assay at fraction concentrations of 62.5, 125, and 250 \u03bcg\/mL. The DCM fraction of F. japonica exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against strain 0366, with a MIC of 31.25 \u03bcg\/mL. Furthermore, this fraction also significantly decreased gentamicin MIC: four-fold and eight-fold reductions for BurA1 and BurE1 strains, respectively (when tested at 250 \u03bcg\/mL), and two-fold and eight-fold reductions for K279a and BurE1 strains, respectively (when tested at 125 \u03bcg\/mL). Pure emodin, the main component identified in the DCM fraction of F. japonica, and sennidine A&amp;B only reduced by half the MIC of gentamicin (when tested at 30 \u03bcg\/mL). Our results suggest that the DCM fraction components of F. japonica underground parts may be potential candidates for new bacterial efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T07:19:45Z","timestamp":1676877585000},"page":"421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Plant Secondary Metabolites on Efflux-Mediated Antibiotic Resistant Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia: Potential of Herbal-Derived Efflux Pump Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Thi Huyen Thu","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"},{"name":"Saint Paul Hospital, 12 Chu Van An, Ba Dinh, Hanoi 11114, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngoc Anh Th\u01a1","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, INRAe, VetagroSup, UCBL, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai Dang","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Academic Affairs, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Thu Hien","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Food Technology, Hanoi Open University, B101 Nguyen Hien, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi 11615, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai Huong","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, 1H building, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6922-1627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minh Quan","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, 1H building, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huu Nghi","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, 1H building, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9231-0927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim Chi","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, 1H building, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8393-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Michalet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, INRAe, VetagroSup, UCBL, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Genevi\u00e8ve","family":"Dijoux-Franca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, INRAe, VetagroSup, UCBL, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3963-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoang Nam","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1730178","article-title":"Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: A review of current knowledge","volume":"18","author":"Blanco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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