{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T19:01:47Z","timestamp":1788807707721,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFD1301000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1301000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study aimed to investigate the effects of Clostridium butyiricum on growth performance, intestinal morphology, serum biochemical response, and immunity in broiler chickens. A total of 330 commercial one-day-old, mixed-sex Ross 308 broilers were randomly divided into five treatment groups with six replicates per group. The broilers were fed the basal diet (CON), the basal diet with 150 mg\/kg of aureomycin (AM), the basal diet with C. butyricum at 2 \u00d7 108 CFU\/kg (CBL), the basal diet with C. butyricum at 4 \u00d7 108 CFU\/kg (CBM), and the basal diet with C. butyricum at 8 \u00d7 108 CFU\/kg (CBH). Results showed that the final body weight (BW) (p &lt; 0.01; p &lt; 0.05), ADG from day 22 to 39 (p &lt; 0.05), and ADG from day 1 to 39 (p &lt; 0.01; p &lt; 0.05) were improved in a linear and quadratic response with the inclusion of C. butyricum. There were no differences in feed conversion rate (FCR) among all groups (p &gt; 0.05). Supplementation with C. butyricum quadratically reduced the crypt depth at day 21 (p &lt; 0.01), linearly improved the villus height in the jejunum at day 39 (p &lt; 0.001), and linearly and quadratically increased the villus height to crypt depth (V\/C) ratio in the jejunum at day 21 (p &lt; 0.01) and day 39 (p &lt; 0.01; p &lt; 0.001). Dietary C. butyricum affected the thymus index at day 21 and day 39 (linear, p &lt; 0.01), and the bursa of Fabricius index at day 39 (quadratic, p &lt; 0.05). Compared to the AM group, the serum urea contents were decreased (p &lt; 0.05) but the IgG contents were increased in the CBL and CBH groups at day 21 (p &lt; 0.01); in addition, serum albumin (ALB) concentrations in all the C. butyricum-supplemented groups (p &lt; 0.01) and IgG concentrations in the CBM group were augmented at day 39 (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, dietary C. butyricum could enhance growth performance by improving jejunal morphology and stimulating immunity organ development in broilers, and could be an alternative to antibiotics in poultry feeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T02:57:34Z","timestamp":1677121054000},"page":"433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effects of Clostridium butyricum as an Antibiotic Alternative on Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology, Serum Biochemical Response, and Immunity of Broilers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5341-0156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiantian","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengsi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8177-0271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baseer","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan 25000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaheer","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yucui","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinzhuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rijun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayong","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1081\/ABIO-120005775","article-title":"The issue of antibiotic use in the livestock industry: What have we learned?","volume":"13","author":"Hardy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anim. 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