{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T20:01:06Z","timestamp":1785614466996,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enterococci are troublesome nosocomial, opportunistic Gram-positive cocci bacteria showing enhanced resistance to many commonly used antibiotics. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and genetic basis of antibiotic resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins (MLS) in Enterococci, as well as the correlation between MLS resistance and biocide resistance. From 913 clinical isolates collected from King Khalid Hospital, Hail, Saudi Arabia, 131 isolates were identified as Enterococci spp. The susceptibility of the clinical enterococcal isolates to several MLS antibiotics was determined, and the resistance phenotype was detected by the triple disk method. The MLS-involved resistance genes were screened in the resistant isolates. The current results showed high resistance rates to MLS antibiotics, and the constitutive resistance to all MLS (cMLS) was the most prevalent phenotype, observed in 76.8% of resistant isolates. By screening the MLS resistance-encoding genes in the resistant isolates, the erythromycin ribosome methylase (erm) genes that are responsible for methylation of bacterial 23S rRNA were the most detected genes, in particular, ermB. The ereA esterase-encoding gene was the most detected MLS modifying-encoding genes, more than lnuA (adenylation) and mphC (phosphorylation). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of commonly used biocides were detected in resistant isolates and correlated with the MICs of MLS antibiotics. The present findings showed a significant correlation between MLS resistance and reduced susceptibility to biocides. In compliance with the high incidence of the efflux-encoding genes, especially mefA and mefE genes in the tolerant isolates with higher MICs to both MLS antibiotics and biocides, the efflux of resistant isolates was quantified, and there was a significant increase in the efflux of resistant isolates with higher MICs as compared to those with lower MICs. This could explain the crucial role of efflux in developing cross-resistance to both MLS antibiotics and biocides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T03:29:48Z","timestamp":1677468588000},"page":"461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Clinical Resistant Strains of Enterococci and Their Correlation to Reduced Susceptibility to Biocides: Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis of Macrolides, Lincosamides, and Streptogramins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7385-868X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr Selim","family":"Abu Lila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tareq Nafea","family":"Alharby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jowaher","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7145-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muteb","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6670-3903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa H.","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3106-4707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Mohd Danish","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3902-1162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afrasim","family":"Moin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3741-0893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El-Sayed","family":"Khafagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4550-415X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shams","family":"Tabrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Ali","family":"Al Balushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Program, Department of Pharmaceutics, Oman College of Health Sciences, Muscat 113, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5683-4803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wael A. 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