{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T19:59:16Z","timestamp":1793908756102,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FDC Foundation"},{"name":"Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation"},{"name":"Lyme and Tick-Borne Diseases Research Center at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center"},{"name":"Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Since disulfiram\u2019s discovery in the 1940s and its FDA approval for alcohol use disorder, other indications have been investigated. This review describes potential clinical applications, associated risks, and challenges. Methods: For this narrative review, a PubMed search was conducted for articles addressing in vivo studies of disulfiram with an emphasis on drug repurposing for the treatment of human diseases. The key search terms were \u201cdisulfiram\u201d and \u201cAntabuse\u201d. Animal studies and in vitro studies highlighting important mechanisms and safety issues were also included. Results: In total, 196 sources addressing our research focus spanning 1948\u20132022 were selected for inclusion. In addition to alcohol use disorder, emerging data support a potential role for disulfiram in the treatment of other addictions (e.g., cocaine), infections (e.g., bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Borrelia burgdorferi, viruses, parasites), inflammatory conditions, neurological diseases, and cancers. The side effects range from minor to life-threatening, with lower doses conveying less risk. Caution in human use is needed due to the considerable inter-subject variability in disulfiram pharmacokinetics. Conclusions: While disulfiram has promise as a \u201crepurposed\u201d agent in human disease, its risk profile is of concern. Animal studies and well-controlled clinical trials are needed to assess its safety and efficacy for non-alcohol-related indications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T06:54:02Z","timestamp":1678085642000},"page":"524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Disulfiram: Mechanisms, Applications, and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jenna","family":"Lanz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyme & Tick-Borne Diseases Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Biniaz-Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyme & Tick-Borne Diseases Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Kuvaldina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyme & Tick-Borne Diseases Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samta","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Discovery Center, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Discovery Center, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Fallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyme & Tick-Borne Diseases Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"},{"name":"New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"From Disulfiram to Antabuse: The Invention of a Drug","volume":"33","author":"Kragh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. 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