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Studies in South America have reported cases of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in several countries, mainly in Brazil. To understand the current frequency of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in humans, farm animals, and food of animal origin in South America, we systematically searched for different studies that have reported Campylobacter resistance. The most commonly reported species were C. jejuni and C. coli. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was found to be ubiquitous in the isolates. Nalidixic acid and tetracycline showed a significantly expressed resistance. Erythromycin, the antibiotic of first choice for the treatment of campylobacteriosis, showed a low rate of resistance in isolates but was detected in almost all countries. The main sources of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter isolates were food of animal origin and farm animals. The results demonstrate that resistant Campylobacter isolates are disseminated from multiple sources linked to animal production in South America. The level of resistance that was identified may compromise the treatment of campylobacteriosis in human and animal populations. In this way, we are here showing all South American communities the need for the constant surveillance of Campylobacter resistance and the need for the strategic use of antibiotics in animal production. These actions are likely to decrease future difficulties in the treatment of human campylobacteriosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T03:02:08Z","timestamp":1678417328000},"page":"548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance in Campylobacter: A Systematic Review of South American Isolates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1583-7909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Beatriz","family":"Portes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing (PGHIGVET), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niter\u00f3i 24220-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7287-2663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Panzenhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"},{"name":"Analytical and Molecular Laboratorial Center (CLAn), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anamaria Mota","family":"Pereira dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing (PGHIGVET), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niter\u00f3i 24220-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6133-5080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Adam Conte","family":"Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing (PGHIGVET), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niter\u00f3i 24220-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Analytical and Molecular Laboratorial Center (CLAn), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02814","article-title":"Human Campylobacteriosis: A Public Health Concern of Global 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