{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:14:14Z","timestamp":1789582454474,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hashemite University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: H. pylori antimicrobial resistance causes increasing treatment failure rates among H. pylori gastritis in children. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms of H.\u00a0pylori antimicrobial resistance among Jordanian children. Methods: Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded for children referred to Prince Hamzah Hospital. Clarithromycin, Metronidazole, and Levofloxacin susceptibility were tested via E-test. Clarithromycin-related mutations were investigated using Real-Time (RT)-PCR and Levofloxacin resistance was analyzed with DNA sequencing of the gyrA gene. Results: 116 children were recruited, including 55.2% females and 55.2% in the age range of 10.1 to 14 years. A total of 82.7% were na\u00efve to eradication therapy. H. pylori positivity was 93.9%, 89.6%, 61.7%, and 84.3% according to Rapid Urease Test, histology, culture, and RT-PCR, respectively. Resistance rates were 25.9% for Clarithromycin, 50% for Metronidazole, and 6.9% for Levofloxacin via E-test. A2142G or A2143G or a combination of both mutations concerning Clarithromycin resistance were documented in 26.1% of samples, while mutations in gyrA gen-related to Levofloxacin resistance were reported in 5.3% of samples. Antibiotic resistance was significantly affected by abdominal pain, anemia, hematemesis, and histological findings (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: H. pylori resistance was documented for Metronidazole and Clarithromycin. RT-PCR for H. pylori identification and microbial resistance determination are valuable alternatives for cultures in determining antimicrobial susceptibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12030618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T07:06:37Z","timestamp":1679295997000},"page":"618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Molecular Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori in Jordanian Children: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7265-5055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salma","family":"Burayzat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-4192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Al-Tamimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Barqawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4485-5874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa Sabri","family":"Massadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jumanah","family":"Abu-Raideh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadeel","family":"Albalawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7880-7849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf I.","family":"Khasawneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisreen","family":"Himsawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2021.75.112-115","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance and the Successful Eradication of Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastroduodenal Ulcers in Vietnamese Children","volume":"75","author":"Duc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. 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